MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHONOLOGICAL VARYING SYSTEM OF GORONTALO LANGUAGE AND THE PROBLEM OF ORGANIZING THEM IN CUSTOM TERMS DICTIONARY

The objective of this research is to describe the morphological and phonological varying system of Gorontalo language, and its problem in organizing them in custom terms dictionary. The method used is qualitative with the data collection techniques involved observing, recording the language in a practical poem of the traditional ceremony, and other published books. The agreement of wordwriting problems through workshop alignment and standardization are (1) deletion of sound y and w in certain words, (2) there is no unique phonetic symbols of apostrophe for glottal sound between two sequence vowels written side by side in a row, (3) selection of writing nt for the sound /ð/, (4) selection of particles mayi, mota, mola, mao, ma, ngo, o (for verb not for noun), hi, lo, de, dipo, ta, (5) selection of prefix po attached to the verbs, (6) variations of long and short vowels writing on certain phonemes.

be chosen in the dictionary. In the opposite side, the dictionary that will be made is a standard custom term dictionary.
The information of Gorontalo language non-standardization of word formation rules is described in this study. The result of the solution of conducting workshop program is going to generate a policy for the people and the government agreement on the use of standardizing this language.

Morphemes and Phonemes
Describing morpheme in a language is not avoiding from word form. Words are the basis of analysing morpheme. It is stated in Linguistics 051 Proto-Indo-European Language and Society Introduction to Morphology that morphemes are the smallest units in the structural analysis of words.
The words analysis is started from the demanding simple word or stem. It usually can be complex, because of the rules of language grammar naturally. (Roach, 2000, p. 104) The words that were described were called 'simple' words; simple words in this context means 'not composed of more than one grammatical unit', so the word 'care' is simple while 'careful' and 'careless' (being composed of two grammatical units each) are complex, 'carefully and 'carelessness' are also complex and are composed of three grammatical units each. This Roach's idea refers to a word is as a word can be one morpheme or more. Besides that one word also can be a stem. In Crystal's Dictionary (1985) stem is a term often used in linguistics as part of the classification of the kind elements operating within the structure of a word. The stem may consist solely of a single root of morpheme (i.e. a 'simple' stem as in man), or of two morphemes (i.e. a 'compound' stem, as in blackbird), or of a root morpheme plus a Derivational Affix (i.e. a 'complex' stem, as in manly, unmanly, manliness). All of these have in common is that it is the stem that inflectional affixes are attached.
Morpheme consists of bound morpheme and free morpheme. Both of them are studied in the grammatical rule of words.

Homonym and Phoneme
Lardiere (2006, p.56) gives definition and example of word phonology does play important role across languages in identifying the boundaries between words. It is given an example below of the string of /grinhaus/ which is stated phonological stress this ambiguities meaning of the utterances in (1a) and (1b), indicating that /grinhaus/ is single (compound) word in (1a) but two distinct words in (1b). Phonology can help us identify words, but we need other information as well. Examples:  Tea's good for you.
 That shop sells teas from around the world.
 I asked him not to tease the cat.
The tea's in a is the contracted form of the word, but it is phonetically identical to that of teas in b and tease in c, all are pronounced /tiz/.
Those different forms of the words with similar pronunciation or the same sounds are included in the term of homonym. Ulman (2007, p.223) states the most common occurrence of homonyms is through convergence and fusion of sounds. Because of the effect of the sound, two or three words that were originally different in shape were then converted into one sound in an oral language or sometimes up to the writing. The process is simple, which can be illustrated below.
Melo meal 'tepung' Another examples of homonym in Indonesian language given by Chaer (2009, p.94) are the words 1 bisa and 2 bisa. When 1 bisa is 'snake poison', it has homonym with 2 bisa is as 'can' or 'is/are able '. Verhaar (in Chaer, 2009, p.94) gives definition of homonym is the idiom in terms of word, phrase, or sentence which those form are the same with others as they are words, phrases, or sentences, but its meaning are different. It is emphasized (Djayasudarma, 2008, p.43) that "homonym is the symptoms of the same written and pronounces of two words". The two words here are in different meaning.
This homonym has also happened in Gorontalo local language in North Sulawesi, dila /'di:la/ 'no', dila /'dila/ 'tongue', and dila /'di:la/ 'kiss'. These facts are actually happened in the daily life of Gorontalo people in applying their practicing the speech poems in a traditional ceremony, and particularly in linguistic experts and language and literacy's scientific writing. This is based on Foley's discussion about linguistic research in 2002 in Springer that "the ideal way to study the language of a traditional community is in the situation, living with the village, learning as much of the social customs of the people as possible".
In organizing these words in dictionary Chaer (2009, p.94) emphasized that the words which have homonym are usually coded by Roman numerals are placed behind each word (entry) which has its homonym with it: or also with Arabic numerals raised a half space and placed in front of the word, i.e. 1 bisa and 2 bisa or bisaI and bisaII. So in the Gorontalo language dictionary, the word 'dila' and 'hulango' which have homonym can also be written in Roman numerals or Arabic numerals.

Dictionary
In organizing dictionary, the organizer must have the purpose to which the dictionary is intended to. (Chaer, 2007, p. 212) states that if the dictionary intended to the language speaker itself, then it should be a dictionary monolingual. If the dictionary is intended for people who are not the language speaker, it is then must be compiled as a bilingual dictionary.
According to Chaer (2007, p.214), the corpus of data is recorded by the speakers of the language and transcribed in the written form of the phonetic spelling language to orthographic spelling forms to determine the language phonemes in their graphemes. If the source language dictionaries already have been in written form, then the corpus is taken from manuscripts, books, newspapers, magazines, and other publications. On the contrary, the preparation of Gorontalo language custom terms dictionary begins with the recording data source from the field and then followed by the workshop program which agreed on writing a number of words that have not been standardized.
Furthermore, Chaer (2007, p.215) states the mistake of taking the corpus will cause the dictionary being compiled not reaching the target, or the other word becomes useless.
In order to be useful, the word corpus custom term dictionary in Gorontalo language taken from all practical data in the field. Because of the custom terms are the height level of using language, those terms are unusual used in societies' daily communication, that the terms are put inside from the people's life. Thus, there are many terms that are difficult to understand whenever those sounded in a practical formal traditional speech poem. One of the efforts is to put terms in an e-dictionary in the form of a web. This dictionary is not only the language users who know the language of customary language but even outsiders with the goal of maintaining Gorontalo local language as well as the introduction of the culture. According to the Chaer (2007, ch.215), the data dictionary must be taken from the language corpus should be still in use.
The main problem in organizing dictionary, including 1) deciding objective of composing dictionary, 2) data corpus, and 3) its collecting data. There are three later points: 1) organizing entries and sub-entries which consist of 9 sub-points those are a) basic form as stem of Indonesia 'juang' which never used in speech in terms without giving previous morphological process on the form of the word, b) the order of sub-entries, the root which followed by others which have morphological process of grammatical affixation, c) gradual affixes on word; i.c. agree -agreement -interested, d) space of recurring words (only in Indonesian), e) compound; this should be placed partly in dictionary, f) the place of nonstandard words, g) the space of foreign word: borrowing words are listed as entries and describe the meaning clearly, h) the space of abbreviation and acronym can be put in dictionary and placed in certain space because there is no rule of this, i) proverb space; it can be placed below the entries which belong the proverb. 2) meaning problem is clearly and completely covered, and 3) information labeling.

METHOD
The data of this study were obtained from the draft of custom term Gorontalo language dictionary which have been collected previously through recording language data in practically poem of traditional ceremony which is covering words, phrase, sentence, and other published books from dissertation and other research findings. Those data were helped by the linguistic computation program with the process of storing the language data in true base screen. This true base is organized by Kemeny and Thomas, E. Kurtz (1985). It focuses on storing language data in computer program that result the language in alphabetically form. The data in custom term Gorontalo language dictionary were analyzed qualitatively by the techniques of classifying varying writing morphological and phonological words form.
Based on this finding, this word has 16 varying writing forms. ii) Because of the varying system of non-standardization of Gorontalo language, there are the problems of organizing words in the dictionary. These problems are (i) repeating the same term in different space in the dictionary (ii) there are two possible definitions of one word or term which may effect of making different formulation or description of sentences in defining the same term.

Gorontalo language Morphological Problem
This section discusses the morphological and phonological varying system of Gorontalo language which can be categorized as a non-standardized language. It is realized by the speaker of the language user of Gorontalo societies that their language has still a varying system of writing words form. The varying system which was found from the process of organizing dictionary is as follows:

Morphological and Phonological Varying System of Gorontalo language
1) The variation of the use of vowel to be consonant  It is considered that the variation of the word that has prefix po which is in its varying attach and non-attach it. It is possible to be 76 forms for the word ambu 'gather' with the prefixes po, o and the suffix a and la, i.e., oambuwa 'a place gather together'.  From these varying writing words forms of Gorontalo language, it can be accumulated that there are six essential parts which are needed to be considered and it is a must to look for the solution. One of the solutions has been done in relation to this study as one of the research programs is conducting a workshop on the 2 nd August 2017, followed by the community representatives from 5 (five) districts and one city of Gorontalo, included the special Guest Speaker in his major of Etno, Eco Linguistic, from Makassar, South Sulawesi, others attended with their cultural experts, linguistic experts in the area, and language and literary specialist. They were invited to present their proficiency and field qualification of their experience on culture and language in such a seminar, and then ended by the choosing alignments team to arrange in line with the using the standardization of beloved Gorontalo local language.
The agreement of the using Gorontalo language standardization is based on findings from organizing custom term Gorontalo language dictionary which have been presented in the previous varying problems of writing Gorontalo language word forms. The results of the agreement as the synchronization are illustrated as follows. In morphological and phonological varying systems, the words are agreed upon on:
However, there are two sequence vowels written side by side in a row, and there is glottal sound, then it is written apostrophe between vowels i.e. o and i, in lo'ia /lo'iya/ 'speech'. Its special phonetic symbol of glottal is the same form as the morph. Moreover, not only the letter y is melted in certain Gorontalo language words, but also the letter w. It happens in the words with its phonetic symbol as in: wau /'wawu/ 'and' Besides, there are words that have the same form but different meaning, this different meaning is logically considered because of minimal units of linguistics named phoneme. It is inserted with the apostrophe between the sequence of two vowels i.e., a, and u, wa'u and ta'u. Its special phonetic symbol of glottal is also the same form as the morphs, as in: wa'u /'wau/ 'I' ta'u /'tau/ 'above; over' bu'a /'bua/ 'crack' 2) The Variation Changing the Vowels a -u bangu /'baŋu/ 'build' synchronized to be bongu /'boŋu/ with the prefix mo in the word momangu bele is to be momongu bele /mo'moŋu 'bele/ 'to build a house' bangu /'baŋu/ is synchronized to be mobangu /mo'baŋu/ 'call to prayer'.
The word with this stem is chosen its word of otutuwawu lo Allah /o'tutu'wawu 'lo 'Allah/ 'the only one of Allah' not otutuwewu lo Allah. uwito is to be uito /u'yito/ 'that is'.
Those forms are not attached to a word. These are as in the following words. to-to ta to dala /'to 'dala/ ' on the street' to pomama /'to po'mama/ 'in place of a set of siri tools'.
to tahua /'to 'ta:'huwa/ 'in a storange' to ta dadata /'to 'ta: da'da:ta' 'in the crowd' to ta lohima /'to 'ta: lo'hima/ 'againts the waiting guests' ta lohulato /ta: 'lohu'lato/ 'who have been waiting' the suffix liyo to be lio is attached to the root as in ambunguolio /a:'mbuŋu'wo'lio/ The combination of the three varying forms can be seen in the following workshop results agreement. Those words have been chosen from each of their group of the word. Those are presented as below.
dadaata 'many/much' is chosen from the form of daadaata.
bate is the choice for the meaning of 'batik'. tiinti bolu is chosen from tinnti bolu, tinnthi bolu, and ti ndhi bolu.
piilu is chosen from pilu.
Consider the same of each two words below; huungo 'middle' is chosen from hungo.
modudulo 'like to approach' is chosen from moduudulo.
The Varying Writing Forms and The Infix.
The variation of the word that has prefix po with the varying combination of the three main forms in the previous number 5 above, it might be possible to be more word forms of 72, i.e the word ambu 'gather'. From the amount of these words variation, some of them have been agreed in the workshop result synchronization. Other words that are from the term dictionary have been considered to be synchronized are as follows hiyo has to be hio totaowa-totayoa has to be totayoa o'ayuwa has to be o'ayua pohuwa has to be pohua o'oliyo'o has to be o'olio'o pu'owa has to be pu'oa popo dapata has to be popodapata buwata has to be buata buwatulo aadati -buatulo adati has to be buatulo aadati de uyito -de'uito --de'uyito has to be de uito diipo leehuloqo -dipolehulo'o has to be dipo lehulo'o delowa has to be deloa mowali has to be moali diyalu -dialu has to be diaalu diyamba has to be diamba hiambuwa-hi'ambua has to be hi ambua huliya has to be hulia lopowameto has to be lopohemeto o buto'a has to be obuto'a o data -odata -o daata has to be odaata to tahuwa -to tahua -to taahuwa -has to be to taahua tapahula lo huwa has to be tapahula lo hua tiyombu ti'uwa has to be tiombu ti'ua tuwoto has to be tuoto o uaalo -o u'aalo has to be o u'alo

CONCLUSION
In line with the effort of finding the problem of the non-standardization of Gorontalo language in the draft of custom term dictionary and by the alignment team to synchronize writing form of words, there are the results mutually agreed by the alignment team in front of society and the government representative on the workshop. This result can be the government policy to establish the certainty of standardization of Gorontalo language.
Standardization agreement from this activity found from all words that have been chosen in each point of the previous six illustrations. These are accumulated here. The accumulation are i) melting sound y and w in certain words, ii) there is special phonetic symbol of apostrophe to glottal sound between two sequence vowels written side by side in a row, iii) choosing letters nt to its sound of ð, iv) choosing not attached to a word of particles mayi, mota, mola, ma, ngo, o (for verb not for noun), hi, lo, de, dipo, ta, v) choosing attaching prefix po to verbs, vi) varying writing the use long and short vowels in terms the phonemes to make the different meaning.
For the future activity of systematizing the standardization custom term dictionary, it is not only so possible to organize this dictionary in term of avoiding far from the problems of repeating the same term in different pages and spaces in dictionary, but also avoiding the two possible definitions of one word or term which may effect of making different formulation or description of sentences in defining the term.
It is suggested that all Gorontalo societies and the governments who are aware of their varying language form of writing words that now has been synchronized may use or apply this standardization.