Language

This study aims to describe the form of politeness in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu. This research is qualitative research using the document analysis method. Data collection using document study techniques. Data analysis using content analysis techniques. Data was sourced from the novel Geez and Ann in words, phrases, and sentences. The study results indicate that politeness in a language is often done because the speech participants already know and try to show their attention with sympathy.


INTRODUCTION
Language has a function as a communication tool. This is the opinion of Clark & Clark (1977:23) which explains that the basic use of language is as a means of communication.
In speaking, one must master and fulfil the agreements contained in a language because each language has its agreements and rules. The function of language as a communication tool is related to language politeness according to the context. This is the opinion of Brown & Levinson (1987), explaining that politeness is fundamental because politeness is a phenomenon in using language in social situations.
Showing respect or respecting other people is the main thing about politeness. Yule (2007) defines politeness in language as an effort to show awareness of the honour of others. This is also in line with the opinion of Leech (2014: 3), which explains that politeness in the language is one way to give awards or benefits to others. Language politeness, as an effort to respect others, aims to build and maintain the relationship of the speech participants. This is explained by Huang (2008: 97) that language politeness is also understood as an effort to show a tolerant attitude to build and maintain good relationships.
Language politeness found in the reality of life can be reflected in literary works. Ernalida (2010) explains that politeness in language can be seen in various behaviours and works, for example, literary works. Literary works can present politeness in language because literary works present social life that was born during society with language media. Wellek & Warren (1986) explain that literary works present social life, which consists of social reality.
Novels are one of the literary works that can present aspects of humanity and life's complex problems. According to Semi (2000:32), a novel is a work of fiction that explains many aspects of humanity that are deeper and presented subtly. Kosasih (2012: 60) explains that the novel is an imaginative work that tells the comprehensive side of the problems of the life of one or several characters. The problems in the existing novels are supported by characters who have characters so that the story is more colourful and can describe the reality of life. Thus, the novel, as a work that presents a life problem, can raise the phenomenon of language politeness carried out by the characters in the novel.
The novel Geez and Ann by Nadhifa Allya Tsana is studied in this study, familiarly called Rintik Sedu. Rintik Sedu was born on May 4, 1998. Rintik Sedu studied at the Jakarta Health Polytechnic, majoring in Electrical Engineering. His published works are Kata, Geez and Ann seri 1, Geez and Ann seri 2, Geez and Ann seri 3, Buku Rahasia Geez, Buku Minta Dibanting, dan Masih Ingatkah Kau Jalan Pulang.
The book entitled Geez and Ann is one of the best-selling books in the market and is widely read by teenagers. The Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (2021) explains that the novel Geez and Ann is one of the best-selling novels for teenagers. The use of easyto-understand language and the play on words that many young people like is a special attraction.
Geez and Ann is a novel by Rintik Sedu, published in 2017. Gabriel (2022) said that this novel was originally only published in the school wall magazine, but Ann wanted to publish it on the blog over time. There is one comment to be uploaded on Wattpad. Many Wattpad users commented positively about the novel Geez and Ann, which attracted an editor who made an offer to Rintik Sedu to be made into a novel. Geez and Ann received high enthusiasm from the public and succeeded in attracting producers, so the novel Geez and Ann was adapted into a film screened in 2021.
This novel tells about the journey of the love story of Keana Amanda or Ann. Geez and Ann's novel uses a language style that is easy to understand. The culture in the novel Geez and Ann is certainly different from the 1990s. This will affect the application of politeness in the language used. The background of the young writer who has succeeded in publishing his book to become one of the best sellers and the language style that is easy to understand is the main attraction for research. The first research focuses on politeness in the language used in Tere Liye's novel The Fallen Leaves Never Hates the Wind. The method used in this study uses descriptive analysis. The results of this study adapted several theories of language politeness so that nine forms of language politeness were obtained, namely (1) praising the other person, (2) the use of greeting words, (3) the choice of answers, (4) the use of politeness markers, (5) the use of the word politeness. Sorry and thank you, (6) indirect speech, (7) stating reasons, (8) reciprocity, and (9) use of speech and smile.
The second research has two research focuses. The first focus is on the form of politeness used in the novel Ijinkan Aku Menjadi Perempuan by Lely Noormindha. Seven maxims are used: wisdom, generosity, praise, humility, agreement, sympathy, and consideration. The second focus is on the level of politeness in language between characters which is divided into two groups, namely the very polite speech group and the polite speech group. The results of this study prove that the speech between characters in the novel Ijinkan Aku Menjadi Perempuan by Lely Noormindha is polite.
The third research has two research focuses, namely (a) forms of language politeness and (b) language politeness strategies in the novel Cinta Suci Zahrana by Habiburrahman El Shirazy. Form of politeness is realized by refusing, ordering, offering, asking, praising, and apologizing. Language politeness strategies used are negative politeness strategies and positive politeness strategies. Negative politeness strategies can be realized by indirect speech and apologies. Positive politeness strategies can be realized by using offers and using compliments.
The research "Speaking politeness in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu" has similarities and differences with the three relevant studies. The similarity of this research with previous research is to examine the form of politeness used in the novel. The difference between this study and the relevant research is that the researcher also examines the language politeness strategies used in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.
Based on the description, this study has two research focuses, namely describing (1) the form of language politeness and (2) politeness strategies used in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.

METHOD
This research approach uses a qualitative research approach. According to Arifin (2012:2), qualitative research is a procedure that presents descriptive data in the form of writing or verbally from the observed object. The method used in this research is the document analysis method. Subroto (1992:42) explains that the document analysis method is a search for data from written sources that reflect the use of language. Written sources can be in the form of documents, books, and others.
The research data comes from the novel Geez And Ann by Rintik Sedu. The data collected in this study are in the form of words, phrases, or clauses in the novel Geez And Ann by Rintik Sedu. Researchers become the main instrument of research. Data collection is the procedure used by researchers to obtain data. Data collection is adjusted to the research focus. The technique used in this research is the document study technique. The data analysis technique used in this research is the content analysis technique. The content study analysis technique is directed to form a conclusion from the analyzed document. The activities are carried out by adjusting the data with the theories used as a reference. Hanafi (2011: 281) explains that there are steps needed to analyze the data, namely (1) data collection, (2) text reading/writing, (3) text description, and (4) text analysis.

Findings
The results of the study are divided into two. First, found 98 utterances of politeness

Discussion
Based on the research results, the discussion is divided into two. First, the form of politeness in language and second, the politeness strategy used in the novel Geez And Ann by Rintik Sedu.

Forms of Language Politeness in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu
The form of politeness in the language is divided into six maxims: wisdom, humility, praise, generosity, agreement, and sympathy. The following are the research results on the forms of language politeness used in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.
Based on the analysis, the maxim of sympathy is most widely used in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu because conversations between characters are often used to convey feelings so that the interlocutor tries to show his care. This is done to provide a sense of comfort among the participants. The form of politeness in language can be seen in the following explanation.

Maxim of Tact
The maxim of tact has the principle of giving the greatest possible advantage to others and giving the smallest possible loss to others. The following is the maxim of tact found in the novel Geez And Ann by Rintik Sedu.
Speech (1) intends to provide comfort to the interlocutor by giving the offer to be able to hold on to him so that he does not have to be afraid of falling. Geez engages the interlocutor (Ann) in a driving activity with an offer to hold on to him. The utterance is shown in the sentence "Kalau pegangan" or "If you hold it." The speech benefits the interlocutor, with Geez trying to maintain and comfort Ann. The speech is said to be polite according to the scale of choice that gives freedom to the interlocutor to make his choice, manifested by the sentence "Kalau" or "If." The advantage given by the interlocutor is that the interlocutor can hold on to him while riding a bicycle which is shown in the sentence "Kalau pegangan" or "if you hold it." The speaker also gives the smallest possible loss to the interlocutor by offering to hold on so that the interlocutor does not have to worry about falling off the bicycle. Based on the analysis that has been described, it can be concluded that speech (1) is an utterance that fulfils the maxim of wisdom according to Leech's theory (1993:207) which states that the maxim of wisdom has the principle of giving the greatest possible advantage to others and giving the smallest possible loss to others.

Maxim of Modesty
The maxim of modesty is self-focused and has the principle of giving yourself as little praise as possible and giving yourself as much criticism as possible. The following is the maxim of modesty found in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu. Speech (2) intends to show gratitude to Geez for bringing him home. Ann, who was previously used to going home alone, was escorted by Geez home by riding a Vespa. Ann finds it inconvenient for Geez to take her home from school to her house. The speech is shown in the sentence "Makasih ya, kak" or "Thank you, Sis." The utterance shows that Ann gave the smallest possible compliment to herself by thanking Geez so that Ann could be seen as appreciating what she had been given. This is followed by an explanatory sentence that shows self-criticism, namely "Jadi ngerepotin" or "so bothering." The utterance shows that the speaker gives as much criticism as possible to himself for making it difficult for Geez to take him home even though Geez's house is far from Ann's house.
The interlocutor also responded with a thank you, "Aku yang harusnya bilang makasih" or "I should be the one saying thank you.". This is an attitude of mutual respect shown by the speaker and the interlocutor. Based on the description, it can be concluded that speech (2) meets the requirements of the maxim of humility according to Leech's theory (1993:207) which explains that the maxim of modesty has the principle of giving as little praise as possible to yourself and giving as much criticism to yourself as possible.

Maxim of Approbation
The maxim of approbation has the principle of giving as much praise as possible to others and giving as little criticism as possible. The following is the maxim of approbation found in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.

Family Conflict
Beverley Vance portrays a traumatic childhood character who frequently had problems and arguments with her family. At 00.47.00-00.47.37 minutes, family conflict indicators can be found. Speech (3) intends to praise Ann that she is beautiful without the need for additional makeup that makes her stand out to attract the attention of others. The speech is shown in the sentence "Kamu sudah indah tanpa perlu punya cahaya yang berkilau" or "You are beautiful without the need for a sparkling light." Ann, who is plain and simple, is already beautiful in the eyes of Geez, which is emphasized in the sentence "Kamu sudah indah" or "You are already beautiful" and causes the interlocutor to feel praised and seen by the speaker more. The speech also provides the smallest possible comments or criticism to the interlocutor, showing that even though the interlocutor has a simple appearance, Geez still likes him and instead chooses Ann, who is simple. The utterance is shown in the sentence, "I like Ann who is like this, no need to add more.". Thus, it can be concluded that speech (3) meets the requirements of the maxim of praise according to Leech's theory (1993:207) which explains that the maxim of praise has the principle of giving as much praise as possible to others and giving as little criticism as possible to others.

Maxim of Generosity
The maxim of generosity has the principle of making one's profit as small as possible and making one's loss as large as possible. The following is the maxim of generosity found in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.
Speech (4) intends to offer assistance to take them home after they are both satisfied with their stories and enjoying coffee. Bayu and Ann, who had just met at the coffee shop, could be said to have been able to tell each other so that Ann could accept the offer without worrying. Bayu, who offered to take him home, was shown in the sentence "Saya antar pulang, ya?" or "I'll take you home, okay?". This utterance gives a great loss to Bayu as a speaker because he has to give up his time to keep the shop used to take Ann home and let her shop be empty for some time. Bayu can only get the smallest possible advantage against him by being able to take Ann home until she is in front of Ann's house. Thus, utterance (4) fulfils the requirements of the maxim of generosity according to Leech's theory (1993:207) which explains that the maxim of generosity has the principle of making one's profit as small as possible and making one's loss as large as possible.

Maxim of Agreement
The maxim of agreement has the principle to make the agreement between self and others as large as possible and make the disagreement between self and others as small as possible. The following is the maxim of agreement found in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.

Speech (5) intends to immediately agree on the will of the interlocutor by confirming
what the interlocutor is asking. Geez tries to introduce herself to Ann with the nickname Geez, but Ann keeps asking why her real good name was changed to Geez. Geez accepts Ann's question and gives Ann the freedom to call her however she wants. The utterance is shown in the sentence "Ya, sudah, terserah" or "Yes, it's up to you." The utterance shows that the speaker is trying to agree with the interlocutor by confirming the interlocutor's intention shown in the "yes" sentence.
An agreement occurs with the flexibility given to the interlocutor to determine the call Ann wants. Ann agreed by not discussing Geez's nickname and changing the topic by introducing herself, as shown in the sentence "Keana Amanda, but Keana only." Thus, utterance (5) fulfils the terms of the agreement maxim according to Leech's theory (1993:207) which explains that the agreement maxim has the principle to make an agreement between self and others as large as possible and make disagreement between self and others as small as possible.

Maxim of Sympathy
The maxim of sympathy has the principle of giving the least amount of antipathy to others and the greatest sympathy. The following is the utterance of the maxim of sympathy found in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu. Speech (6) intends to suggest Ann seek treatment because of her frequent relapses.
The mother, who found Ann sitting on the floor holding her stomach, then tried to help Ann. After Ann was feeling better, her mother expressed concern with her complaint about Ann's condition, which had been suffering from frequent stomach aches for the past two years. The complaint is a criticism given to Ann for not wanting to go to the doctor to have her health checked. The utterance is shown in the sentence "Apa susahnya periksa..." or "What's so hard to check ...". The statement shows that Mother still pays attention to Ann and shows her concern by complaining about Ann's actions that do not want to go to the doctor and worries that it is not an ordinary stomach ulcer. It's different if the mother increases her antipathy to Ann, who may respond with a nonchalant answer so that the interlocutor feels ignored and unnoticed. Speech (6) fulfils the requirements of the maxim of sympathy according to Leech's theory (1993:207) which explains that the maxim of sympathy has the principle of giving the least amount of antipathy to others and giving the greatest sense of sympathy to others.
The form of language politeness carried out by the characters in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu has several provisions, namely in speech events carried out by familiar speech participants already know, only know. Ann has a close relationship with Geez, Ann with her grandmother, Ann with her brother, Ann with her mother, Ann with Tari, Giska, and Dina, and Ann with Bayu. Ann had a familiar relationship with Mr Amir, Ann with Mrs Amir, Ann with Raka, and Ann with Sarah.
The relationship that only Ann knew was made by Ann with the Taxi Driver, Ann with the Coffee Seller, and Ann with the Ojek Driver. Most of the existing relationships are familiar and intimate relationships. The form of politeness found can be used in adolescent conversations with peers, with people who already know, or with those who are older because even though the relationship between the speech participants is familiar or already familiar, the speech participants still try to show their politeness with efforts to respect each other, show concern, and a sense of sympathy so that conversations can respect each other and create a sense of comfort. The language used is easy to understand and mostly used by teenagers, so it is possible to use it in learning Indonesian to communicate.

Language Politeness Strategy in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu
The language politeness strategies used in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu are divided into four strategies: bald-on record strategy, negative politeness strategy, positive politeness strategy, and off-record politeness strategy. Negative politeness strategies are the most widely used strategies in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu, followed by positive politeness, bald-on-record, and off-record politeness. This negative politeness strategy is carried out to lighten the burden on the interlocutor so that the interlocutor does not feel disturbed or constrained. The following are the results of the research on language politeness strategies used in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.

Bald-on Record Strategy
Bald-on-record strategy is by practical principles in communication. This strategy does not require a speaker to reduce threats to self-esteem or minimize actions that threaten self-esteem. Politeness strategies without strategy are often manifested in imperative speech or advice. The following is the story of the bald-on record strategy found in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.
In Speech (7), an invitation is found, which is indicated by the use of the words "Yuk!" or "yuk" and "Ayo!" or "come on." Dina and Gizka used the word to invite Ann to watch an alumni band performing soon. The utterance is conveyed with the imperative word, an invitation. The social distance relationship between the speech participants was close friends in junior high school. Based on social distance, speech participants have the same status as peers, so the speech is sufficient to show respect for the interlocutor by inviting him to follow what will be watched. This close and equal relationship makes the speech not pay attention to the threat to the self-image of the interlocutor. The closer the social distance of the speech participants, the more disrespectful an utterance will be (Richard, 2003, p. 57). The speech also shows concern by inviting each other to enjoy the pensi event. Speech (7) meets the requirements of a bald-on record strategy according to the theory of Brown & Levinson (1987:94), which states that a bald-on record strategy does not require the speaker to reduce the threat to the interlocutor.

Negative Politeness Strategy
A negative politeness strategy is a speech act that is carried out to appreciate the speech participants so that the actions and intentions of the interlocutor are not disturbed or constrained. The following is the story of negative politeness strategies found in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.
In a speech (8), each speech participant shows mutual respect by expressing gratitude to each of them, which is shown in the sentences "Makasih" or "Thank you" and "Aku yang harusnya bilang makasih" or "I should be the one saying thank you." This is reinforced by additional explanations that reveal why the speaker expresses his gratitude.
The speaker (Ann) feels that she has been given the advantage of the interlocutor so that mutual respect arises. The advantage that Ann receives from Geez is that she is delivered home even though Ann's house is far from hers. Ann also emphasized that Ann's actions troubled the interlocutor, so it showed that Ann was a person who humbled herself and respected the interlocutor. The speech is shown in "Jadi ngerepotin deh" or "so bother, deh." Geez conveyed the same thing with the sentence "Aku yang harusnya bilang makasih" or "I should say thank you." The utterance shows the humility of the speaker, who respects the interlocutor because he wants to be delivered to the house and has disrupted his time. This is also reinforced by Geez's statement in the sentence, "because you already want to give me your time to disturb." The speech used by Ann and Geez is equally beneficial so that they both feel valued and do not feel disturbed. Thus, speech (8) fulfils the requirements of a negative politeness strategy by the opinion of Brown & Levinson (1987), which explains that a negative politeness strategy has a basis for appreciating the speech participant with the aim that the actions and intentions of the interlocutor are not disturbed or constrained.

Positive Politeness Strategy
Positive politeness strategies can be used as a way to establish the intimacy between speech participants who are not too familiar or unknown. The utterances spoken can be realized by giving the same impression and as if they have the same purpose as the speech participants. Positive politeness strategies try to reduce the social distance between the speaker and the interlocutor, which is realized by giving attention and a sense of friendship. The following is the story of positive politeness strategies found in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu.
Speech (9) intends to build intimacy and trust by minimizing threats to the interlocutor's image. This is done by praising the interlocutor shown in the sentence "Kamu sudah indah tanpa perlu punya cahaya yang berkilauan" or "you are beautiful without the need for a sparkling light." The utterance benefits Ann with the praise given by Geez to build a sense of pleasure received by the interlocutor. Praising the interlocutor can benefit the interlocutor in the form of a sense of pleasure and comfort. The more profitable an utterance, the more polite the speech (Richard, 2003, p. 58).
The utterance uses direct speech acts shown in the word "you." Geez also uttered a statement to explain that he prefers Ann as she is, which is shown in the sentence "Aku menyukai Ann yang seperti ini saja" or "I like Ann like this only" so that the interlocutor feels he is being praised and emphasizes that Geez likes Ann. The latter is as if she is not excessive in appearance. The speech can also reduce the social distance between speakers so that the social distance relationship between speech participants is getting closer.
Speech (9) meets the requirements of a positive politeness strategy by the opinion of Brown & Levinson (1987), which explains that a positive politeness strategy seeks to reduce the social distance between speakers, which is manifested by giving attention and a sense of friendship that can minimize threats to the image.

Off-Record Politeness Strategy
Off-Record politeness strategies are speech acts that have more than one interpretation or are disguised so that the speaker is considered not to fully contribute to the speech's purpose and intent. Speech can be realized through metaphorical speech, parables, simplification of problems, and expressions spoken indirectly by speakers. The following is an off-record politeness strategy story in the novel Geez And Ann by Rintik Sedu.
Speech (10) intends to convey another meaning from the speech by giving a sign in the form of a statement about the news of the kidnapping of a junior high school student at the same time that Geez has another intention, namely so that Geez can take Ann home.
The relationship between the speech participants at that time was that they were just getting to know each other, which caused the speaker's speech to seem to force the interlocutor to allow him to deliver Ann, which is indicated in the sentence "Kamu tahu, kan" or "You know it, right?". Off-record politeness strategies are disguised speech so that the speaker is considered not responsible for what is said. This is shown in Geez's story, which explains how many junior high school children were kidnapped when they came home. But in this context, the interlocutor understands the meaning of the interlocutor who wants to take him home in the sentence "Rumahku sudah tinggal beberapa meter lagi" or "My house is only a few meters away." Speech (10) gives the interlocutor the freedom to interpret what the speaker is saying by himself by giving a sign in the form of a news sentence so that the speaker can take him home. This is the opinion of Brown & Levinson (1987), which explains that the off-record politeness strategy is a disguised speech act, so the speaker is considered not responsible for his speech. The interlocutor must try to interpret the speaker's intent.
Language politeness strategies have value in forming mutual respect for the interlocutor. Speech participants who already know each other can show their concern for the interlocutor by showing a sense of togetherness as a form of concern between friends and people who are already familiar, even though using politeness strategies without strategies that are mostly realized with imperative speech.
The use of politeness strategies in language politeness strategies in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu is different from the language politeness strategies in the novel Cinta Suci Zahrana by Habiburrahman El Shirazy by Nikmatus Zuhdiyah. The novel Cinta Suci Zahrana is described by the use of language full of politeness values and upholds a civilized act. This is because the author wants to convey a message of life in his work. In contrast to the novel Geez and Ann, which is quite close to the daily life of teenagers in the 2000s, the use of language styles that are easy to understand and elements of politeness are used more often by familiar speech participants. This can be used as an example of using language politeness strategies that are close to teenagers so that they can determine the speech that will be used in an utterance so that the speech can be said to be polite.

Conclusions
Based on the results and discussion description, this study has two conclusions. First, the sympathy maxim is mostly found in the novel Geez and Ann by Rintik Sedu because the speech participants mostly use speech to convey feelings to show concern for the interlocutor or vice versa. This is also supported by speech participants who already know or only know each other so that a comfortable and respectful atmosphere can be created in speech events. Meanwhile, the maxim of agreement is the main one used the least because often, in the dialogue between characters, the aim is to give attention and show concern, so it is not often found to establish an agreement.
Second, based on the results and discussion, negative politeness strategies are most widely used because the speech participants already know each other. The speech aims to respect the interlocutor and reduce the burden on the interlocutor's image. Speech participants who already know each other and already understand each speech participant's character can determine the steps used to respond to create an atmosphere of mutual respect and a sense of comfort. Meanwhile, the off-record politeness strategy is the least used because the dialogue between speakers who already know each other makes it possible not to pay much attention to the interlocutor's image.

Suggestions
Based on the discussion above, the following suggestions can be given.
1. Teachers can use research results for learning Indonesian at the junior high and high school levels about language politeness on the value of politeness in communicating because the language used in the novel Geez and Ann is quite easy to understand and is widely used in everyday conversation.
2. Students can write stories by paying attention to linguistic elements, especially in language politeness.
3. Students can conduct similar research by discussing different topics, such as violations of politeness in novels/dialogues, level of language politeness, and conducting meta-analysis with data sources from similar research results.