The Effects of Flipped Classroom Model with Heutagogy and Self-Efficacy Approach to Higher-Order Thinking Skills

This study aimed to determine the effects of the application of heutagogy-based flipped classroom and self-efficacy on Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) for PAK Semester V students in the lesson planning course. The research method used was a quasi-experimental design with a two-by-two factorial design. The sample consisted of 48 students, consisting of the experimental and control groups. The research instrument was a questionnaire to measure self-efficacy and a test to measure higher thinking skills. Data analysis used two-way ANOVA


INTRODUCTION
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on all aspects of life, including education.Uncertainty about when the spread of this virus will end has prompted all parties to seek anticipatory steps to run their respective activities smoothly.In the education aspect, the Minister issues policies related to the implementation of the learning process so that it continues to be carried out not only as a fulfillment of student rights but also to maintain the health and safety of educators and students from possible exposure to COVID-19.The negative impact felt due to the Covid-19 pandemic on education is that learning is not optimal.Learning that is usually done in class (offline) is changed into online.While the positive impact obtained is the emergence of a highly innovative ability of educators to realize the concept of how students learn.Advances in science and technology provide space for educators to innovate in education by utilizing several platforms to facilitate the learning process using a computer and internet approach.This online learning policy was taken so that children still get their right to learn, and teachers continue to carry out their duties to teach students with a focus on "how to teach students" and not "what students learn".
The role of educators in learning is very important.Educators must be able to innovate and be creative to produce learning models, learning applications, and learning media to realize quality education.One of the indicators of quality education is quality students, who can analyze, innovate, think critically, communicate, solve problems and be creative or have higher-order thinking skills (HOTS).Based on the results of a study conducted by the OECD to measure the level of education of international students aged 15 years in reading literacy, mathematics, and science, it showed that the ability of students in Indonesia was very low, including: 1) understanding complex information; (2) theory, analysis, and problem-solving, critical thinking, communicating, and collaborating in finding inventions; (3) using tools, procedures, and problem-solving, and (4) conducting investigations.This low literacy ability is certainly caused by many factors (Rumiati, 2011).One of the causes is the lack of student experience in learning that improves higher-order thinking skills and contextual problem-solving skills improve reasoning, argumentation, and creativity in solving them.Efforts to increase student competence in implementing HOTS are strengthened by the issuance of Permendikbud Number 20 of 2018 concerning Strengthening Character Education in Formal Education Units.These competencies are critical thinking, creativity and innovation, communication skills, collaboration, and confidence, and thinking skills are the challenges of the 21 st century (Permendikbud, 2018).
The flipped classroom learning model provides opportunities for students to collaborate in the teaching and learning process, group activities, collaboration on experimental activities.The results of the study (Enfield, 2013;Adhitiya et al., 2015) of flipped classrooms showed that there was students' involvement in groups to complete concepts and skills to work together to complete a project, while the teacher's role was to help students individually.The flipped classroom learning model prioritizes students' collaboration by understanding concepts and experimental activities to improve student skills.Some research results showed that efforts to increase students' motivation to take part in learning were very effective through the application of the Flipped classroom with the help of modules and online (Suo & Hou, 2017;Mary et al., 2015).Flipped classroom is learning-oriented to students, thus leading to student learning independence.Students are given the freedom to learn.This follows the self-directed learning approach, which is a characteristic of andragogy.In its application, the lecturer acts as a companion while students independently seek the information needed according to the material in the RPS.
To answer the demands of 21st-century competencies that students are expected to have high-level thinking skills, students are expected to be truly independent in learning.Learning is seen as a self-determined process (students) or self-determined learning (heutagogy).In the concept of heutagogy, the role of the lecturer as a controller is minimal because students have the freedom to control themselves, so students are more active.Learning autonomy includes choosing learning strategies, selecting materials, and learning resources that are important to obtain information.This approach challenges the way of thinking about "learning and learning", but encourages lecturers to think more about the process than content, forces lecturers into the world of students, and allows lecturers to go beyond existing disciplines and theories.Heutagogy holds students accountable for their learning decisions and provides a framework for learning that promotes them as responsible adults (Booth et al., 2017;Sulistya, 2019;Handayani et al., 2021).
The factor that also influences individuals in learning is self-efficacy.Self-efficacy is an individual's innate ability, including cognitive, social, and emotional.Self-efficacy is an individual ability that needs to be trained and managed effectively to achieve the individual's goals.Bandura (in Cliffs & Hall, 1991) stated that self-efficacy shows different abilities in organizing and completing assigned tasks well, according to goals, and even in difficult circumstances.Kurniawati et al. (2019) suggested that individuals with high self-efficacy can reduce anxiety about failure and increase cognitive abilities.The higher the individual's efficacy, the greater the effort to face challenges.Students with high self-efficacy always try harder to achieve the expected goals than those with low self-efficacy.Besides, individuals with high self-efficacy also have perseverance and endurance when involved in challenging activities.An educator needs to study the characteristics of students.Low self-efficacy generally makes students less successful and less likely to do difficult tasks and also consider when getting a challenging task.
The lesson planning course is one of the prerequisite courses for PAK Bachelor's degree students as prospective educators of Christian Religion Education (PAK).The scope of the study includes theoretical and practical aspects related to preparing PAK learning plans.This course is very important in preparing students to prepare PAK learning plans both conceptually and practically and can implement to improve the quality of education.The fact is that students are more likely to follow or copy and paste material from the internet when given an assignment, so that the results of their work are almost the same.When the task is in the form of RPP (lesson plan), the RPP made is the result of copy and paste from PAK educators.This shows that their abilities are only limited to remembering, understanding, and applying (C1-C3) or Low-Order Thinking Skills, even though they can analyze, evaluate, and even have the ability to create (C4-C6) or High-Order Thinking Skills (David and Anderson., 2021).The condition of online learning is influenced by several factors, such as 1) the network and the availability of internet data, making the learning process ineffective; 2) the lack of confidence in their abilities; and 3) the low level of student learning independence.According to the explanation above, this research aimed to study "what is the influence of the flipped classroom model with the heutagogy and self-efficacy approach to higher-order thinking skills?".

METHODS
The type of research used was quasi-experimental to test hypotheses regarding causal relationships between variables (Setyosari, 2010).The research design used was a two-by-two factorial design.The research design can be seen in the Table 1 The research was located at the Institute of Christian Religion Ambon.The subject was the fifth-semester students of the Christian Religion Education Study Program for the 2021/2022 Academic Year, which consists of 2 classes (A and B).Each class consisted of 24 people, so the total was 48, then divided into the experimental group (class A totaling 24 people) and the control group (class B totaling 24 people).These were the reasons for choosing the fifth-semester students: 1) lesson planning courses were given in the fifth semester, and 2) the fifth semester includes high school students, assumed to have high selfefficacy and learning independence.Research instruments were in the form of tests and questionnaires.The test was in the form of an essay to measure HOTS.The number of questions used was 10 questions with a score of 1 (if correct) and a score of 0 (if incorrect) (Trizi, 2022).Meanwhile, the questionnaire used for self-efficacy data refers to Tarumasely (2021) consisting of 35 items, a Likert scale 1-4.For grouping research subjects based on high or low self-efficacy, it was done by looking for the median value assisted by SPSS.The median value obtained was 104.Based on this midpoint, research subjects who got a value below 104 were grouped into research subjects with low self-efficacy.Those obtaining scores above 140 were grouped into research subjects with high self-efficacy.Data analysis consisted of test requirements for ANOVA analysis and research hypothesis testing.The analysis requirements used the data's normality test through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the homogeneity of variance test through the Levene test.Normality and homogeneity tests of the data were used to meet the parametric assumptions as a condition for the ANOVA test.The research hypothesis was tested using a two-way ANOVA statistical technique using the SPSS for Windows version 24 program with a significance level of 5%.

HOTS Study Results Data
The study's results were described by tabulating the data on group HOTS learning outcomes using a learning and self-efficacy approach, and conducting a requirements analysis test.As an illustration of the research data, the following is an overview of SE, HOTS learning outcomes, and then the difference in mean learning outcomes between heutagogy and andragogy learning approaches and the mean difference between high and low selfefficacy.The following is a description of the results of the HOTS posttest as shown in the Table 2.The results above show a difference in scores between students with high and low levels of efficacy in the experimental class (heutagogy learning approach).The posttest mean value of students with high self-efficacy was 80.455, and the standard deviation was 1.183, greater than students with low self-efficacy, which was 66.538, and the standard deviation was 1.088.The average score obtained by the andragogy learning approach group for students with a high SE level was 63.636.The standard deviation was 1.183, while for students with a low SE level was 62.692, and the standard deviation was 1.088.

Analysis Requirements Test Normality Test
The normality test was carried out univariately for the results of the HOTS learning planning posttest from the two groups of research subjects.The results can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3 Based on the Table 3, the probability value of the normality of Kolmogorov skmirnov on the HOTS learning outcomes was 0.036.This shows that the HOTS learning outcomes were normally distributed, where the probability value was greater than 0.05.The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated that the HOTS learning outcomes were normally distributed.Homogeneity The results of the Levene test for the HOTS learning outcome score based on the learning approach, the calculated F HOTS value was 0.113, while the significance values for both were (0.459; 0.737) respectively, where the sig value was > 0.05.These results showed that the HOTS learning outcomes scores according to the independent variables of the learning approach had the same variance.The results of the homogeneity test proved that multivariately the HOTS learning outcomes met the homogeneity assumption, and univariately the HOTS learning outcomes based on the learning approach met the homogeneity assumption.
The following is the data on the results of the homogeneity test based on the Levene test on the moderator variable for the level of self-efficacy.The results are shown in the following Table 4. Table 4 shows the learning outcomes of HOTS based on the moderator variable of self-efficacy.For the calculated F value of HOTS, 1.232 was obtained, while for the significance value of HOTS, a value of 0.270 was obtained.Based on the results, the HOTS significance value was 0.270 > 0.05.The results showed that the variance of the HOTS learning outcomes scores in the high self-efficacy group and the low self-efficacy level significantly had the same score variance.The results of the homogeneity test prove that multivariately HOTS has met the assumption of homogeneity, and univariately the learning outcomes of HOTS based on the level of self-efficacy have met the assumption of homogeneity.The results of the ANOVA test based on the hypothesis test of the influence between subjects, as shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Results of Inter-Subject Influence Test Table 5 shows the results of the ANOVA calculation per variable for the learning approach to HOTS learning outcomes.It was found that the F count was 82.647, and the probability significance value was 0.00.According to the number obtained, the probability significance value was < 0.05.Thus, Ho was rejected, where there were differences in HOTS learning outcomes between groups of students who used the heutagogy learning approach and andragogy learning approach.It showed that the first hypothesis was proven or accepted.The following is the estimated average value of the two groups, as shown in Table 6.
Table 6 Table 6 shows the HOTS learning outcomes.The estimated average score for the experimental group (using the heutagogy learning approach) was 73.497, which was in the range of scores at the lower limit of 71.877 and the upper limit of 75.116, with a standard error of 0.804, while for the control group (using the andragogy learning approach), the average score was estimated at 63.164, between the score range of 61.545 to 64.784, with a standard error of 0.804.The results showed a difference in the mean score between the group of students who used the heutagogy approach and the students who used the andragogy approach.The average value of the experimental group was higher than the control group.

The Effect of SE Level on HOTS Learning Outcomes
Based on the results of the ANOVA calculation per variable in Table 5, the results of the ANOVA analysis for the SE variable, the F count was 42.740 with a sig probability value of 0.00.Based on the results of the probability significance value <0.05, it can be concluded that Ho was rejected, meaning that there were differences in HOTS learning outcomes between groups of students according to the level of self-efficacy (high and low).It can be concluded the second hypothesis was proven or accepted.The following is a comparison test to compare the estimated average score of HOTS learning outcomes in the two groups based on high and low self-efficacy levels according to the following Table 7.
Table 7. Mean Score of Self-Efficacy Based on the Table 7, the HOTS learning outcomes estimated the mean score for the high SE level group of 72.045, which is in the range of scores below 70.360 and the upper limit of 73.731, with a standard error of 0.836, while for low self-efficacy levels, the estimated average score was 64.615, between the score range of 63.065 to 66.166 with a standard error of 0.769.The results showed differences in the estimated mean scores for HOTS learning outcomes in groups based on self-efficacy.The test results showed that the estimated mean score of HOTS learning outcomes for groups with high levels of self-efficacy was significantly higher than for groups with low levels of self-efficacy.

Interaction between Learning Approach and Self-Efficacy on HOTS Learning Outcomes
Based on Table 5, the results of the ANOVA analysis for the interaction of learning approaches with self-efficacy on HOTS learning outcomes obtained an F count of 32.569 with a probability significance value of 0.00.Based on this number, the probability significance value was < 0.05 (0.00 < 0.05).Thus, it can be concluded that Ho was not accepted.This means there was no interaction between the learning approaches (heutagogy learning with andragogy learning) and SE (high and low) on the HOTS learning outcomes.Thus, hypothesis 3 of this study was not proven, rejected.

Discussion of the first hypothesis
The results of hypothesis testing showed 1) differences in HOTS learning outcomes between students who used the heutagogy learning approach and groups of students who used the andragogy learning approach.This means that the students using the heutagogy approach obtained higher HOTS learning outcomes than those using the andragogy approach.The results of this study were supported by Blaschke & Hase (2016), showing that the heutagogy approach challenges students to be creative and to produce outcomes.It is in line with the research conducted by Torfi et al. (2020), andSulistya, (2019) that the heutatgogy approach strengthens training for teachers in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, heutagogy approach strongly supports the development of student creativity (Hase & Kenyon, 2003;Wismaningrum et al., 2021).

Discussion of the Second Hypothesis
The results of the second hypothesis test showed differences in HOTS learning outcomes between students with high self-efficacy and those with low self-efficacy.The results of this study were supported by Hutagalung (2016) that students with low selfefficacy feel pessimistic (incapable) when dealing with difficult tasks, considering them as challenges or getting to a dead end when completing tasks.On the contrary, students with high self-efficacy view difficult tasks as a challenge, stay optimistic about their abilities and tend to find solutions in learning, so they can avoid boredom while studying and get good learning outcomes Students with high self-efficacy were confident in their abilities.These beliefs encourage them to learn and find solutions to complete the given task, while students with low self-efficacy did not have confidence in themselves that they could get better learning outcomes.The results of this study were supported by research conducted by Sariningsih (2017) and Tarumasely (2021) that students with high self-efficacy had high academic achievement, while students with low self-efficacy had low performance.

Discussion of the Third Hypothesis
The results of hypothesis testing showed that 3) there was no interaction between the heutagogy approach and self-efficacy in HOTS.In this study, the heutagogy and selfefficacy approaches partially influenced students' HOTS learning outcomes.Based on the calculated F value in Table 5, it can be said that the influence of the heutagogy approach variable strongly influenced student learning outcomes rather than self-efficacy.Theoretical and empirical studies support this.Theoretically, heutagogy is a learning approach that allows students to manage their learning according to their abilities or competencies.In addition, heutagogy makes students adults who are capable of independently managing their classes to learn.Furthermore, Moore et al. (2011) assumed that students are adults who can control what will be learned in formal education.Apart from Heutagogy, selfefficacy also separately influences HOTS learning outcomes.This is evidenced by the research results showing that the flipped classroom learning outcomes and high self-efficacy are higher than conventional and low self-efficacy classes (Berg-& Sams, 2017;Arnawa & Setiawan, 2021).Based on the results obtained, it can be said that a high level of self-efficacy provided high self-confidence in one's ability to carry out the tasks given.Even though they faced many obstacles, they did not give up on the situation but had strong encouragement to complete the given task.

CONCLUSION
Based on the calculation of analysis of variance (ANOVA), it can be concluded that the heutagogy-based learning approach was more effective in improving HOTS learning outcomes than andragogy-based learning approaches, both for participants with high selfefficacy and low self-efficacy.Students with a high level of self-efficacy obtained higher HOTS learning outcomes than those with a low level of self-efficacy, using both heutagogy-based and andragogy-based learning.However, both heutagogy and self-efficacy levels did not show any interaction effect on learning outcomes of high-order thinking skills.According to the conclusions above, it is expected that: 1) lecturers, especially lecturers in Learning Planning courses can apply the heutagogy approach as an approach in the learning process, 2) students are advised to have higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) as a competency that must be possessed in the learning process in 21st-century learning, 3) Institutions can provide facilities and infrastructure to assist the implementation of the heutagogy approach, and 4) it is hoped that other researchers who will conduct further research related to the heutagogy approach can implement this for other subjects, other research subjects with a greater number and collaborate with other moderator variables.

Table 2 .
Description of the Posttest Data of HOTS Learning Outcome Learning

approach * self-efficacy Dependent Variable: HOTS Learning Approach Self-efficacy Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound
. Results of the Posttest Data Normality Test for HOTS Learning Outcomes

Table 4 .
Results of the HOTS Posttest Data Homogeneity test

Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances a
. Mean Score of HOTS Learning Outcomes