Does integrated reporting moderate the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance?

Dea Tiara Monalisa Butar-Butar, Siti Nurhaliza, Iskandar Itan

Abstract


The moderating effect of integrated reporting (IR) on the association between ownership structure and company performance is examined in this study. It specifically looks at how operational profitability is impacted by environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors and whether IR improves the relationship between ownership traits and firm outcomes. Using a sample of 435, the research employs multiple regression analysis to test the proposed relationship. The results show that operational profitability as determined by Return on Assets (ROA) is positively and significantly impacted by ESG performance. Additionally, the findings show a strong positive correlation between ownership concentration and institutional ownership and ROE and ROA. These results imply that companies with more concentrated.

Keywords


ESG; ROA; ROE; Institutional Ownership; Ownership Concentration

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abedin, S. H., Haque, H., Shahjahan, T., & Kabir, N. (2022). Institutional Ownership and Firm Performance : Evidence from an Emerging Economy.

Ahmed, F., Rahman, M. U., Rehman, H. M., Imran, M., Dunay, A., & Hossain, M. B. (2024). Corporate capital structure effects on corporate performance pursuing a strategy of innovation in manufacturing companies. Heliyon, 10(3), e24677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24677

Ahmed, Z., Hussin, M. R. A., & Pirzada, K. (2022). The Impact of Intellectual Capital and Ownership Structure on Firm Performance. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15120553

Al Azizah, U. S., & Haron, R. (2025). The sustainability imperative: evaluating the effect of ESG on corporate financial performance before and after the pandemic. Discover Sustainability, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01401-8

Albitar, K., Elmarzouky, M., & Hussainey, K. (2022). Ownership concentration and Covid-19 disclosure: the mediating role of corporate leverage. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 30(3), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-10-2021-0202

Arieftiara, D., Widyastuti, S., & Miftah, M. (2023). Ownership Structure of Sustainable Companies in Indonesia: The Effect on Managers’ Behavior. 2020.

Aydoğmuş, M., Gülay, G., & Ergun, K. (2022). Impact of ESG performance on firm value and profitability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 22, S119–S127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.11.006

Baysinger, B. D., & Butler, H. N. (2019). Corporate governance and the board of directors: Performance effects of changes in board composition. Corporate Governance: Values, Ethics and Leadership, 1(1), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jleo.a036883

Biju, A. V. N., Geetha, S., Prasad, S., Sasidharan, A., & Jayachandran, A. (2025). ESG-Firm Performance Nexus: Evidence From an Emerging Economy. Business Strategy and the Environment, 34(3), 3469–3496. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.4152

Boshnak, H. A. (2023). Ownership structure and firm performance: evidence from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-11-2022-0422

Bui, H., & Krajcsák, Z. (2024). The impacts of corporate governance on firms’ performance: from theories and approaches to empirical findings. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 32(1), 18–46. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-01-2023-0012

Bui, T. N., Nguyen, X. H., & Pham, K. T. (2023). The Effect of Capital Structure on Firm Value: A Study of Companies Listed on the Vietnamese Stock Market. International Journal of Financial Studies, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs11030100

Butar-Butar, D. T. M., Itan, I., & Saragih, A. G. (2025). The Impact of Board Independence and Gender Diversity on Quality of Integrated Reporting: Indonesian ESG-focused Companies. Journal of Accounting and Business Education, 9(4), 67–77.

Butar-butar, D. T. M., Tanisya, Y., & Itan, I. (2025). Does the Relationship between Financial Performance and Corporate Sustainability Get Affected by Agency Costs? Journal of Accounting and Business Education, 10(1), 1–13.

Butar-butar, D. T. M., Yunita, L., & Dewi, S. (2024). The effect of independence and gender of BOD , managerial and institutional ownership , and ownership concentration on tax aggressiveness. Journal of Contemporary Accounting, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.20885/jca.vol6.iss1.art1

Cardillo, M. A. dos R., & Basso, L. F. C. (2025). Revisiting knowledge on ESG/CSR and financial performance: A bibliometric and systematic review of moderating variables. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 10(1), 100648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100648

Chen, S., Wang, Y., Albitar, K., & Huang, Z. (2021). Does ownership concentration affect corporate environmental responsibility engagement? The mediating role of corporate leverage. Borsa Istanbul Review, 21, S13–S24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2021.02.001

Chen, W., Xie, Y., & He, K. (2024). Environmental, social, and governance performance and corporate innovation novelty. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 8(2), 109–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2024.01.003

Dhifi, K., & Zouari, G. (2024). Ownership structure and performance of European companies : mediator role of integrated reporting. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGR-02-2023-0028

Din, S. U., Arshad Khan, M., Khan, M. J., & Khan, M. Y. (2022). Ownership structure and corporate financial performance in an emerging market: a dynamic panel data analysis. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 17(8), 1973–1997. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-03-2019-0220

Ellili, N. O. D. (2020). Environmental, social, and governance disclosure, ownership structure and cost of capital: Evidence from the UAE. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187706

Estébanez, R. P., & Martín, F. J. S. (2025). Business Sustainability and Its Effect on Performance Measures: A Comprehensive Analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010297

Fayad, A. A. S., Mohd Ariff, A. H. B., Ooi, S. C., Aljadba, A. H. I., & Albitar, K. (2024). Ownership structure and integrated reporting quality: empirical evidence from an emerging market. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-02-2024-0101

Filho, W. L., Trevisan, L. V., Eustachio, J. H. P. P., Rampasso, I. S., Anholon, R., Platje, J., Will, M., Doni, F., Mazhar, M., Borsatto, J. M. L. S., & Marcolin, C. B. (2024). Assessing ethics and sustainability standards in corporate practices. Social Responsibility Journal, 20(5), 880–897. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-03-2023-0116

Fuadah, L. L., Mukhtaruddin, M., Andriana, I., & Arisman, A. (2022). The Ownership Structure, and the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Disclosure, Firm Value and Firm Performance: The Audit Committee as Moderating Variable. Economies, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10120314

Fulgence, S., Boateng, A., & Kwabi, F. (2024). Ownership structure, corporate governance disclosure, and the moderating effect of CEO power: evidence from East Africa. Accounting Forum, 9982, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/01559982.2024.2426108

Guluma, T. F. (2021). The impact of corporate governance measures on firm performance: the influences of managerial overconfidence. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00093-6

Handoyo, S., Suharman, H., Ghani, E. K., & Soedarsono, S. (2023). A business strategy, operational efficiency, ownership structure, and manufacturing performance: The moderating role of market uncertainty and competition intensity and its implication on open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(2), 100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100039

Itan, I., Ang, M. P. A., & Butar-Butar, D. T. M. (2024). CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY , CORPORATE PERFORMANCE , AND MODERATING EFFECT OF OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION IN INDONESIAN COMPANIES. 16(1), 81–94.

Itan, I., Giovani, M., & Butar-Butar, D. T. M. (2024). Corporate Social Responsibility and Company Performance: The Role Of Board Characteristics. Gorontalo Accounting Journal, 7(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.32662/gaj.v7i1.3372

Ivone, & Shellen. (2022). Ownership Structure and Board Structure on Firm Performance : Moderating Effect of Political Connections. The 2nd Conference on Management, Business, Innovation, Education, and Social Science (CoMBInES), 245–250.

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Also published in Foundations of Organizational Strategy. Journal of Financial Economics, 4, 305–360.

Jensen, M., & Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. The Economic Nature of the Firm: A Reader, Third Edition, 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817410.023

Jiménez, A., Arrieta, Y., Nuñez, M. A., & Villanueva, E. (2024). Management of Strategic Risks for the Sustainability of SMEs in the Manufacturing Sector in Antioquia. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052094

Kang, W., & Jung, M. (2020). Effect of ESG Activities and Firm’s Financial Characteristics. Korean Journal of Financial Studies, 49(5), 681–707. https://doi.org/10.26845/KJFS.2020.10.49.5.681

Khatri, I., & Kjærland, F. (2023). Sustainability reporting practices and environmental performance amongst nordic listed firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 418(July), 138172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138172

Kusumawati, E., & Setiawan, A. (2019). the Effect of Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership, Company Growth, Liquidity, and Profitability on Company Value. Riset Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol 4, No 2 (2019), 136–146. https://doi.org/10.23917/reaksi.v4i2.8574

Liu, H., & Lee, H. (2024). The Role of Ownership Structure in the Relationship Between Environmental , Social , and Governance Practices and Financial Reporting Quality : Evidence from China. Sustainability, 16(10687), 1–21.

Martiny, A., Taglialatela, J., & Iraldo, F. (2024). Determinants of environmental social and governance (ESG) performance: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 25(2), 142213. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.7603.2024

Martiny, A., Taglialatela, J., Testa, F., & Iraldo, F. (2024). Determinants of environmental social and governance (ESG) performance: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 456(April), 142213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142213

Mohammad, W. M. W., & Wasiuzzaman, S. (2021). Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosure, competitive advantage and performance of firms in Malaysia. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 2(January), 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100015

Mohd Ghazali, N. A. (2020). Governance and ownership in Malaysia: their impacts on corporate performance. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 5(2), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-03-2020-0017

Nguyen, Q. M., & Nguyen, C. V. (2024). State ownership, board characteristics and corporate financial performance in publicy listed firms in Vietnam. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2301811

Perwitasari, D., Setiawan, D., Nurrahmawati, A., & Rahmawati, I. P. (2022). Firm Performance during COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Ownership Identity Matter? Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100444

Raimo, N., Vitolla, F., Marrone, A., & Rubino, M. (2020). The role of ownership structure in integrated reporting policies. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(6), 2238–2250. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2498

Rohendi, H., Ghozali, I., & Ratmono, D. (2024). Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure and firm value: the role of competitive advantage as a mediator. Cogent Business and Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2297446

Saleh, M. W. A. (2022). Moderating effect of CEO power on institutional ownership and performance. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-12-2021-0193

Shrestha, C., Andrikopoulos, P., & Park, J. S. (2025). ESG rating and financial performance in the emerging markets: The moderating effects of cross-listing and industry type. Research in International Business and Finance, 77(PA), 102916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2025.102916

Siddique, M., Rasheed, A., & Rehman, K. U. (2022). Role of Research and Development Innovation between Ownership Structure and Firm Performance. Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 57–70.

Srivastava, A., & Anand, A. (2023). ESG performance and firm value: The moderating role of ownership concentration. Corporate Ownership and Control, 20(3), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv20i3art11

Stoiljković, A., Tomić, S., Leković, B., Uzelac, O., & Ćurčić, N. V. (2024). The Impact of Capital Structure on the Performance of Serbian Manufacturing Companies: Application of Agency Cost Theory. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020869

Sulemana, I., Cheng, L., Agyemang, A. O., Osei, A., & Nagriwum, T. M. (2025). Stakeholders and sustainability disclosure: Evidence from an emerging market. Sustainable Futures, 9(April 2023), 100445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100445

Suriawinata, I. S., & Nurmalita, D. M. (2022). Ownership Structure, Firm Value and the Moderating Effects of Firm Size: Empirical Evidence From Indonesian Consumer Goods Industry. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 24(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.24.1.91-104

Tran, N. H., & Le, C. D. (2020). Ownership concentration, corporate risk-taking and performance: Evidence from Vietnamese listed firms. Cogent Economics and Finance, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1732640

Wang, Y., & Sonenshine, R. (2025). The Nonlinear Impact of Environmental, Social, Governance on Stock Market Performance Among US Manufacturing and Banking Firms. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18060293

Wei, M., Wang, Y., & Giamporcaro, S. (2024). The impact of ownership structure on environmental information disclosure: Evidence from China. Journal of Environmental Management, 352(July 2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120100

Yin, X. N., Li, J. P., & Su, C. W. (2023). How does ESG performance affect stock returns? Empirical evidence from listed companies in China. Heliyon, 9(5), e16320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16320

Zhao, Z. (2023). Economic Policy Uncertainty and ESG Performance: Evidence from China. SHS Web of Conferences, 169, 01059. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316901059

Zhu, J., Li, R., Chen, Z., & Zhang, T. (2025). Does Ownership Structure Influence the Financial Performance of Chinese Listed Companies? An Analysis of ESG Practices and Accounting-Based Outcomes. International Journal of Financial Studies, 13(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13020048




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/jabe.v10i2.63545

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Dea Tiara Monalisa Butar-Butar, Siti Nurhaliza, Iskandar Itan

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

This Journal Indexed by:

          

 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.