The Effect of Heat Treatment Duration on the Psychochemical, Mechanical, and Biodegradability of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Gambir Extract Biocomposite Films

Ainul Kahfi Muhlasin, Poppy Puspitasari, Heru Suryanto, Diki Dwi Pramono, Dieter Rahmadiawan, Billie Jack Passion

Abstract


This study investigates PVA-based films with the addition of gambir and heat treatment to improve the characteristics of the film. Methods include the synthesis of PVA film with gambir addition (5%), treated by heat treatment for 40 minutes and 60 minutes. The film was characterised by physicochemical, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Data was analyzed using ANOVA with a significance of 95%. Results indicate that the surface of PVA/gambir films is smoother and more homogeneous as the heat treatment duration increases. New peaks of functional groups were identified after the addition of gambir at the C-C and C-O groups. After heat treatment for 40 minutes, the film increases in crystallinity index, hydrophilicity and provides UV-A protection. Gambir addition does not significantly change hydrophilicity, whereas heat-treatment duration does. The biodegradation of PVA/Gambir (0.5%)-H40 film shows the highest biodegradation value of 18.66% on the 16th day. Gambir addition, heat-treatment duration and time period each significantly affect biodegradability. The PVA/Gambir film with 40 minutes of heat treatment had the highest tensile strength of 47.82 N/mm² and elongation of 25.24%. However, heat treatment did not significantly affect tensile strength and elongation, but the duration of heat treatment had a significant effect on the hydrophilicity of the film.

Keywords


Biocomposite, gambir, heat treatment, polyvinyl alcohol.

Full Text:

PDF

References


I.G.N. Santhiarsa, N.M. Dwidiani, I.G.N.P. Tenaya, and I.G.A. Negara, “Impact of natural polymer proportions on the fire-retardant properties of bioplastics,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), vol. 8, no. 2, p. 434, 2024, doi: 10.17977/um016v8i22024p434.

E. Espinosa, I. Bascón-Villegas, A. Rosal, F. Pérez-Rodríguez, G. Chinga-Carrasco, and A. Rodríguez, “PVA/(ligno)nanocellulose biocomposite films. Effect of residual lignin content on structural, mechanical, barrier and antioxidant properties,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 141, pp. 197–206, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.262.

S. Sau, S. Pandit, and S. Kundu, “Crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol): Structural, optical and mechanical properties,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 25, no. April, p. 101198, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101198.

Y. Dou, E.A.M. Hassan, S. Wang, M.E. Gibril, and F. Kong, “Enhancing PVA mulching films: Leveraging modified lignin as a bio-based crosslinking agent for improved mechanical strength, UV barrier, and biodegradability,” Industrial Crops & Products Journal, vol. 222, no. P3, p. 119766, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119766.

S.A. Ali, A.N. Konwar, D. Thakur, and S. Kundu, “Metal (Ag)/metal oxide (CuO, ZnO)@polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite free-standing films: Physical and antimicrobial properties,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 56, no. August 2024, p. 105587, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2024.105587.

J.I.T. Galarza, L.G.C. González, C. Luciani, and J.C.C. Torres, “Highly efficient caffeine-based PVA composite film for UV shielding,” Carbon Trends, p. 100502, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100502.

J.R. Ansari, K. Park, and J. Seo, “Improving the oxygen barrier properties of composite films using green tea extracted CQDs and PVA for active packaging applications,” Food Packaging and Shelf Life, vol. 48, no. February, p. 101460, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101460.

Y. Wang, Y. Yu, C. Shi, Y. Ren, J. Han, and R. Wu, “Development of curcumin nanoparticle-modified photodynamic gelatin/PVA–chitosan bilayer films for preserving bigeye tuna,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 308, no. P4, p. 142299, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142299.

P. Kumar, R. Tanwar, V. Gupta, A. Upadhyay, A. Kumar, and K.K. Gaikwad, “Pineapple peel extract incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol)-corn starch film for active food packaging: Preparation, characterization and antioxidant activity,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 187, no. July, pp. 223–231, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.136.

M. Sawant, T. Chakraborty, D. Yadav, S. Biranje, S. Saxena, and S. Shukla, “Stabilization strategies and optimization of polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan hybrid polymer,” Hybrid Advances, vol. 8, no. October 2024, p. 100345, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.hybadv.2024.100345.

Z. Feng, D. Xu, Z. Shao, P. Zhu, J. Qiu, and L. Zhu, “Rice straw cellulose microfiber reinforcing PVA composite film of ultraviolet blocking through pre-crosslinking,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 296, no. July, p. 119886, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119886.

H. Abral, M. Ikhsan, D. Rahmadiawan, D. Handayani, N. Sandrawati, E. Sugiarti et al., “Anti-UV, antibacterial, strong, and high thermal resistant polyvinyl alcohol/Uncaria gambir extract biocomposite film,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 17, pp. 2193–2202, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.01.120.

Miksusanti, A.N. Fithri, Herlina, D.P. Wijaya, and T. Taher, “Optimization of chitosan–tapioca starch composite as polymer in the formulation of gingival mucoadhesive patch film for delivery of gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb) leaf extract,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 144, pp. 289–295, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.086.

A. Labanni, Z. Zulhadjri, D. Handayani, Y. Ohya, and S. Arief, “The effect of monoethanolamine as stabilizing agent in Uncaria gambir Roxb. mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity,” Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1480–1487, 2020, doi: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1626249.

D. Rahmadiawan, H. Abral, I.C. Iby, H.-J. Kim, K.-H. Ryu, H.-W. Kwack et al., “Effect of post-heat treatment on the UV transmittance, hydrophobicity, and tensile properties of PVA/Uncaria gambir extract blend films,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 10, p. e30748, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30748.

Y. Guan, L. Shao, D. Dong, F. Wang, Y. Zhang, and Y. Wang, “Bio-inspired natural polyphenol crosslinking poly(vinyl alcohol) films with strong integrated strength and toughness,” RSC Adv., vol. 6, no. 74, pp. 69966–69972, 2016, doi: 10.1039/c6ra08904f.

N. Zhang, L. Yang, H. Pan, S. Xing, J. Li, H. Song et al., “Hydroxyl-crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol films reinforced with nanocellulose and tea polyphenols for antibacterial preservation of dried tofu,” Internasional Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 323, p. 147157, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147157.

D. Rahmadiawan, H. Abral, M.A. Pratama, H.-J. Kim, R.M. Railis, R. Kurniawan et al., “Synergistic effects of Uncaria gambir and zinc oxide in polyvinyl alcohol films for enhanced UV and blue light shielding, antimicrobial properties, and hydrophobicity: improving application performance in sustainable packaging and protective eyewear,” RSC Advances, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 2766–2778, 2025, doi: 10.1039/d4ra08801h.

N.H.N. Mohamed, H. Takagi, and A.N. Nakagaito, “Mechanical properties of heat-treated cellulose nanofiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 51, no. 14, pp. 1971–1977, 2017, doi: 10.1177/0021998316665238.

D. Rahmadiawan, H. Abral, S. Shi, T. Huang, and R. Zainul, “Tribological properties of polyvinyl alcohol/uncaria gambir extract composite as potential green protective film,” Tribology in Industry, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 367–374, 2023, doi: 10.24874/ti.1482.05.23.06.

O.W. Guirguis and M.T.H. Moselhey, “Thermal and structural studies of poly (vinyl alcohol) and hydroxypropyl cellulose blends,” Natural Science, vol. 04, no. 01, pp. 57–67, 2012, doi: 10.4236/ns.2012.41009.

N. Chousidis, “Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based films: Insights from crosslinking and plasticizer incorporation,” Engineering Research Express, 2024, doi: 10.1088/2631-8695/ad4cb4.

M. Ismayati, N.A.N. Fatah, E.E. Ernawati, Juliandri, W.B. Kusumaningrum, M.A.R. Lubis et al., “Antioxidant and UV-blocking activity of PVA/tannin-based bioplastics in food packaging application,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 257, no. P2, p. 128332, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128332.

A.K. Yontar, S. Çevik, and O. Yontar, “Green production of plant/collagen-based antibacterial polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite films,” Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, vol. 33, no. May, p. 101119, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.scp.2023.101119.

J. Wang, C. Chen, and J. Xie, “Loading oregano essential oil into microporous starch to develop starch/polyvinyl alcohol slow-release film towards sustainable active packaging for sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus),” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 188, no. PB, p. 115679, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115679.

R.M. Chuang, T.H. Vo, H.K. Tsao, and Y.J. Sheng, “High-strength poly(vinyl alcohol) physical eutectogels: Effects of polymer molecular weight, DES composition, and heat treatment,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 417, no. August 2024, p. 126592, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2024.126592.

Z. Xie, M. Hoang, D. Ng, C. Doherty, A. Hill, and S. Gray, “Effect of heat treatment on pervaporation separation of aqueous salt solution using hybrid PVA/MA/TEOS membrane,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 127, pp. 10–17, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.02.025.

K. Park, Y. Oh, P.K. Panda, and J. Seo, “Effects of an acidic catalyst on the barrier and water resistance properties of crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) and boric acid films,” Progress in Organic Coatings, vol. 173, no. September, p. 107186, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.107186.

Z. Bai, T. Wang, X. Zheng, Y. Huang, Y. Chen, and W. Dan, “High strength and bioactivity polyvinyl alcohol/collagen composite hydrogel with tannic acid as cross-linker,” Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 278–287, 2021, doi: 10.1002/pen.25574.

E. Caló, J.M.S.D. Barros, M. Fernández-Gutiérrez, J. San Román, L. Ballamy, and V.V. Khutoryanskiy, “Antimicrobial hydrogels based on autoclaved poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt maleic anhydride) mixtures for wound care applications,” RSC Advances, vol. 6, no. 60, pp. 55211–55219, 2016, doi: 10.1039/c6ra08234c.

S. Shiyan, “FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for evaluation of gambir extract – self nano emulsifying formulation from Uncaria gambir Roxb,” Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1–11, 2023, doi:10.33263/BRIAC132.153.

A. Xiang, C. Lv, and H. Zhou, “Changes in crystallization behaviors of poly(vinyl alcohol) induced by water content,” Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 613–622, 2020, doi: 10.1002/vnl.21775.

A. Morales, M.Á. Andrés, J. Labidi, and P. Gullón, “UV–vis protective poly(vinyl alcohol)/bio-oil innovative films,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 131, no. July 2018, pp. 281–292, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.01.071.

A. Bouzidi, W. Jilani, T.H. AlAbdulaal, M. Jalalah, F.A. Harraz, I.S. Yahia et al., “Simple synthesis and characterization of novel polyvinyl alcohol capped sodium selenite solid composite film (PVA: NaSe SCF) samples,” Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 100458, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jsamd.2022.100458.

A. Atta, K. Alshammari, A.H. Alanazi, T. Alashgai, and M.M. Abdelhamied, “Fabrication, surface characterization and optical behavior of flexible PVA/Nd2O3 polymer nanocomposites materials for optoelectronics applications,” Inorganic Chemistry Communications, vol. 170, no. P1, p. 113249, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2024.113249.

Q. He, Y.-Q. Fang, Y. Han, W.-N. Qin, J.-K. Nie, D. Hou et al., “Novel synthesis of PVA/NaCl hydrogel for reversible thermochromism,” Optical Materials, vol. 132, no. March, p. 112754, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112754.

M.R. Suhasini, K.M. Rajeshwari, S. Bindya, A.B. Hemavathi, P. Vishwanath, A. Syed et al., “Pectin/PVA and pectin-MgO/PVA films: Preparation, characterization and biodegradation studies,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 5, p. e15792, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15792.

Y. Wang, T. Li, H. Bai, M. Chen, Y. Xie, and W. Dong, “Simultaneous enhancements of uv-shielding properties and photostability of poly(vinyl alcohol) via incorporation of Sepia eumelanin,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2016, doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01734.

S. Tripathi, P. Kumar, and K.K. Gaikwad, “UV- shielding and antioxidant properties of chitosan film impregnated with Acacia catechu modified with calcium carbonate for food packaging,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 257, no. P2, p. 128790, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128790.

M. Alizadeh Sani, A. Khezerlou, M. Tavassoli, A.H. Abedini, and D.J. Mc Clements, “Development of sustainable UV-screening food packaging materials: A review of recent advances,” Trends in Food Science and Technology, vol. 145, no. February, p. 104366, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104366.

Y. Zhai, J. Wang, H. Wang, T. Song, W. Hu, and S. Li, “Preparation and characterization of antioxidative and UV-protective larch bark tannin/PVA composite membranes,” Molecules, vol. 23, no. 8, 2018, doi: 10.3390/molecules23082073.

X.-J. Xu, S.-M. Huang, and L.-H. Zhang, “Biodegradability, antibacterial properties, and ultraviolet protection of polyvinyl alcohol natural polyphenol blends,” Polymers and Polymer Composites, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 101–113, 2008, doi: 10.1002/pc.

R. Hussain, S.A. Batool, A. Aizaz, M. Abbas, and M.A. Ur Rehman, “Biodegradable packaging based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and carboxymethyl cellulose films incorporated with ascorbic acid for food packaging applications,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 45, pp. 42301–42310, 2023, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04397.

I. Korbag and S. Mohamed Saleh, “Studies on mechanical and biodegradability properties of PVA/lignin blend films,” International Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 18–24, 2016, doi: 10.1080/00207233.2015.1082249.

Kadriadi, D. Rahmadiawan, H. Abral, Ilhamdi, M. Ivan, Akmal et al., “A novel active packaging film based on polyvinyl alcohol/bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis hassk) extract: Enhancing mechanical, UV protection, thermal stability, antimicrobial, and barrier properties,” Food Bioscience, vol. 68, no. April, p. 106500, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106500.

A. Bozdoğan, B. Aksakal, U. Şahintürk, and Ö. Yargı, “Influence of heating on spectroscopic, mechanical, and thermal properties of reduced graphene oxide-poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films,” Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 1174, pp. 133–141, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.06.011.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um016v9i22025p509

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats