BERPIKIR SPASIAL DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI DALAM TINJAUAN TEORI KONSTRUKTIVISME DAN KOGNITIF KOMPLEKS

Muhammad Zahrudin Afnan, Annisa Sofiana, Rinie Pratiwi Puspitawati

Abstract


Abstrak. Berpikir spasial adalah keterampilan penting yang diperlukan dalam memahami konsep kompleks di berbagai bidang. Keterampilan ini melibatkan visualisasi, rotasi mental, dan analisis spasial. Namun kemampuan siswa di Indonesia masih rendah, yang mana hal ini menjadi sebuah tantangan dalam era digital. Dalam era digital dan pembelajaran abad ke-21, kemampuan berpikir spasial ini semakin relevan untuk mendukung analisis, pemecahan masalah, dan pengambilan keputusan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan berpikir spasial dalam pembelajaran biologi melalui perspektif teori konstruktivisme dan kognitif kompleks. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur, yang mengintegrasikan berbagai temuan terkait kemampuan spasial, strategi pembelajaran, dan pendekatan teoritis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berpikir spasial dapat ditingkatkan melalui pembelajaran berbasis masalah, visualisasi tiga dimensi, dan teknologi digital. Terori konstruktivisme memberikan landasan untuk membangun pengetahuan spasial melalui pengalaman langsung, sementara teori kognitif kompleks menjelaskan proses mental yang mendukung analisis spasial. Kesimpulannya, integrasi berpikir spasial ke dalam pembelajaran biologi membutuhkan desain pembelajaran yang inovatif dan dukungan teknologi untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.

Abstract. Spatial thinking is an essential skill required to understand complex concepts across various fields. This skill involves visualization, mental rotation, and spatial analysis. However, students in Indonesia exhibit low levels of spatial thinking, which poses a challenge in the digital era. In the context of the digital age and 21st-century learning, spatial thinking becomes increasingly relevant to support analysis, problem-solving, and decision-making. This study aims to analyze the application of spatial thinking in biology education from the perspectives of constructivist and complex cognitive theories. The method used is a literature review, integrating various findings on spatial skills, teaching strategies, and theoretical approaches. The results indicate that spatial thinking can be improved through problem-based learning, three-dimensional visualization, and digital technology. Constructivist theory provides a foundation for building spatial knowledge through direct experiences, while complex cognitive theory explains the mental processes that support spatial analysis. In conclusion, integrating spatial thinking into biology education requires innovative learning designs and technological support to enhance student learning outcomes.

Keywords


berpikir spasial; konstruktivisme; teori kognitif kompleks; pembelajaran biologi; teknologi digital

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdiyah, L., & Subiyantoro, S. (2021). Penerapan teori konstruktivistik dalam pembelajaran tematik di sekolah dasar. ELSE (Elementary School Education Journal) : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Sekolah Dasar, 5(2), 127. https://doi.org/10.30651/else.v5i2.6951

Abriata, L. A. (2020). Building blocks of protein structure and folding: A hands-on approach through molecular visualization exercises. PeerJ Computer Science, 6, e260. DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.260

Adzani, Novianto, Setyasih, Iya' & Vita, M. (2023). Kemampuan berpikir spasial siswa sma negeri di kota balikpapan. Geoedusains Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi, 4(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.30872/geoedusains.v4i1.1687

Afnan, M. Z., & Puspitawati, R. P. (2024). Validity and practicality of student worksheet based on augmented reality applications of mangrove roots to improve the level of spatial thinking. BioEdu, 13(1), 39–45.https://doi.org/10.26740/bioedu.v13n1.p39-45

Agusta, E., Aseptianova, A., Hastianah, Y., & Nuraini, N. (2016). Kajian modul biologi bilingual dengan penggunaan strategi self regulated learning berbasis saintifik. Bioilmi: Jurnal Pendidikan, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.19109/bioilmi.v2i1.1141

Ahmad Nizar Rangkuti. (2014). Konstruktivisme dan pembelajaran matematika. 2(2). https://doi.org/10.24952/di.v2i2.416

Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. Longman Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2

Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2014). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. Teaching of Psychology, 41(4), 287-295. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2

Bakhrudin All Habsy, Jerry Sheva Christian, Syifa’ul Ummah Salsabila Putri M, & Unaisah Unaisah. (2023). Memahami Teori Pembelajaran Kognitif dan Konstruktivisme serta Penerapannya. TSAQOFAH, 4(1), 308–325. https://doi.org/10.58578/tsaqofah.v4i1.2177

Basri, H. (2018). Kemampuan kognitif dalam meningkatkan efektivitas pembelajaran ilmu sosial bagi siswa sekolah dasar. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpp.v18i1.11054

Brookhart, S. M. (2017). How to assess higher-order thinking skills in your classroom. Journal of Educational Research, 110(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2017.1340857

Bruner, J. S. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction (Vol. 59). Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/019263656605030929

Carrillo-Mora, P., Giordano, M., & Santamaría, A. (2010). Spatial memory: Theoretical basis and comparative review on experimental methods in rodents. Salud Mental, 33(4), 333-345.

Chang, J. S-K., Yeboah, G., Doucette, A., Clifton, P., Nitsche, M., Welsh, T., & Mazalek, A. (2018). TASC: Combining virtual reality with tangible and embodied interactions to support spatial cognition. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings, 1-12. DOI: 10.1145/3170427.3186530

Chang, J-R. (2018). Spatial thinking in design: An educational framework for spatial competence in architectural design education. Architecture and Built Environment, 8(1), 1-240.

Dania, Ira Aini & Novziransyah, Nanda . (2021). SENSASI, PERSEPSI, KOGNITIF. Ibnu Sina Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan-Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, 20(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.30743/ibnusina.v20i1.59

DeAngelis, D. L., & Mooij, W. M. (2005). Individual-based modeling of ecological and evolutionary processes. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 36, 147-168. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152644

Dewi, Y. K. S., Handoyo, B., & Purwanto, P. (2021). Model problem based learning dengan geospatial information: Implementasi dalam pembelajaran Geografi dengan untuk kemampuan spatial thinking. Jurnal Integrasi Dan Harmoni Inovatif Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 1(3), 388–398. https://doi.org/10.17977/um063v1i3p388-398

Djuma, Nurlina . (2022). Pembelajaran biologi dengan integrasi model think pair share dan peta konsep bepengaruh terhadap kemampuan kognitif siswa sekolah menengah atas di kota ternate. Jurnal Bioedukasi, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.33387/bioedu.v5i2.5184

Dresner, M. (2008). Using research projects and qualitative conceptual modeling to increase novice scientists' understanding of ecological complexity. Ecological Complexity, 5(3), 216-221. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2008.05.003

Eko Budi Minarno. (2017). Integrasi sains-islam dan implementasinya dalam pembelajaran biologi. Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi Komunikasi Dan Industri, 664–669.

Ermayanti Ermayanti, Rustaman, N. Y., & Adi Rahmat. (2016). Improving preservice biology teachers’ spatial thinking in plant anatomy course through framing. Jurnal Pengajaran Matematika Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, 21(2), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.18269/jpmipa.v21i2.44271

Ermayanti, E., Anwar, S., & Zein, A. (2017). Developing guided inquiry-based worksheet on precipitation titration. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 812(1), 012055. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/812/1/012055

Facione, P. A., & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Think critically about critical thinking. Thinking and Creativity Studies, 8(2), 120-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2016.05.002

Febriza, M. A., Adrian, Q. J., & Sucipto, A. (2021). Penerapan AR dalam media pembelajaran klasifikasi bakteri. Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, 11(1), 10–18.https://doi.org/10.15575/bioeduin.v11i1.12076

Flavell, J. H., & Miller, P. H. (2019). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 56, 232-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832

Furqan, Muhammad Hafizul, Azmi, H., & Yulianti, Fitriani. (2021). Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan Geografi FKIP Universitas Syiah Kuala. SOSIO DIDAKTIKA Social Science Education Journal, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.15408/sd.v8i2.25436

Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.4050030422

Gersmehl, P. J., & Gersmehl, C. A. (2007). Spatial thinking by young children: Neurologic evidence for early development and "educability". Journal of Geography, 106(5), 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221340701809108

Gómez, C. G., Pérez-Montoro, M., & Gómez, E. (2020). The space outreach matrix: A tool for designing space outreach activities. Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress, IAC-20-E1.9.2.

Habsy, B. A., Zakirah, A., Rahmah, M. A., & Nafisah, C. A. (2023). Implementasi teori kognitif dan konstruktivisme dalam pembelajaran bagi peserta didik. TSAQOFAH, 4(1), 326–342. https://doi.org/10.58578/tsaqofah.v4i1.2182

Hanafi, Imam & Sumitro, Eko Adi (2020). Perkembangan kognitif menurut jean piaget dan implikasinya dalam pembelajaran. Alpen: Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.24929/alpen.v3i2.30

Handika, H. H., Zubaidah, T., & Witarsa, R. (2022). Analisis teori perkembangan kognitif jean piaget dan implikasinya dalam pembelajaran matematika di sekolah dasar. Didaktis: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan, 22(2), 124. https://doi.org/10.30651/didaktis.v22i2.11685

Hanifah, None Umi . (2019). Kemampuan spasial siswa mts ditinjau dari perbedaan gaya kognitif. Lintang Songo Jurnal Pendidikan, 2(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.55732/jls.v2i1.258

Hauser, M. D., Yang, C., Berwick, R. C., Tattersall, I., Ryan, M. J., Watumull, J., ... & Lewontin, R. C. (2017). The mystery of language evolution. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 43, 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.10.005

Hegarty, M., & Waller, D. (2005). Individual differences in spatial abilities. In P. Shah & A. Miyake (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking (pp. 121-169). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610448.005

Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2015). Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn? Journal of Learning Sciences, 24(3), 401-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2015.1076674

Isnaini, Nur, Sugandi, D., & Yani. (2023). Meta analisis : Model pembelajaran geografi untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir spasial peserta didik di indonesia. GEOGRAPHY Jurnal Kajian Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pendidikan, 11(2), 275–275. https://doi.org/10.31764/geography.v11i2.15710

Jayawardana, B.A & Sugiarti, R. (2020). Inovasi pembelajaran biologi di era revolusi industri 4.0. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi, 6(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.24252/psb.v6i1.15544

Jonassen, D. H. (2011). Learning to solve problems: A handbook for designing problem-solving learning environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 59(1), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-011-9184-3

Kerski, J. J. (2008). The role of GIS in Digital Earth education. International Journal of Digital Earth, 1(4), 326-346. DOI: 10.1080/17538940802420879

Keusch, G. T., Fontaine, O., Bhargava, A., Boschi-Pinto, C., Bhutta, Z. A., Gotuzzo, E., ... & Laxminarayan, R. (2006). Diarrheal diseases. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83(2), 520S-524S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.2.520s

Kosslyn, S. M. (1995). Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3653.001.0001

Listiana, L., Daesusi, R., & Soemantri, S. (2019). Peranan metakognitif dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran biologi di kelas. Symposium of Biology Education (Symbion), 2. https://doi.org/10.26555/symbion.3504

Lohman, D. F. (1996). Spatial ability and G. In I. Dennis & P. Tapsfield (Eds.), Human abilities: Their nature and measurement (pp. 97-116). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203774007

Maghfiroh, H., Zubaidah, S., Mahanal, S., & Susanto, H. (2022). Tantangan dan Peluang Pembelajaran Biologi di Masa Pasca Pandemi Covid-19: Tinjauan Pustaka Sistematis dan Sintesis Tematik. Bioedusiana: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.37058/bioed.v7i1.4816

Mawardi, M. S. (2018). Konstruktivisme: Sebuah Analisis Perspektif Pembelajaran. Transformasi : Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Non Formal Informal, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.33394/jtni.v2i2.735

Mayer, R. E., & Alexander, P. A. (2016). Handbook of research on learning and instruction. Learning and Instruction, 41, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.001

Merrill, M. D. (2012). First principles of instruction. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-012-9240-y

Michels, K. K., & Mattox, A. C. (2016). Scientific Discourse as a Solution to Academic Language Barriers for English Language Learners. Natural Sciences Education, 45(1). DOI: 10.4195/nse2015.0018

Minarno, E. B. (2001). Pembelajaran bioetika sebagai pengawal perkembangan biologi modern dan penyelamatan lingkungan hidup. El–Hayah, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.18860/elha.v3i1.2217

Muzakki, H. (2021). Teori Belajar Konstruktivisme Ki Hajar Dewantara serta Relevansinya dalam Kurikulum 2013. Southeast Asian Journal of Islamic Education Management, 2(2), 261–282. https://doi.org/10.21154/sajiem.v2i2.64

Newcombe, N. S., & Shipley, T. F. (2015). Thinking about spatial thinking: New typology, new assessments. In J. S. Gero (Ed.), Studying visual and spatial reasoning for design creativity (pp. 179-192). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9297-4_10

Ningsih, N. (2019). Aplikasi teori belajar konstruktivisme dalam pembelajaran bahasa asing. FOUNDASIA, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/foundasia.v9i1.26159

Olimpo, J. T., Quijas, D. A., & Quintana, A. M. (2017). A focus on polarity: Investigating the role of orientation cues in mediating student performance on mRNA synthesis tasks in an introductory cell and molecular biology course. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 45(6), 501-508. DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21067

Pahliwandari, R. (2017). Penerapan teori pembelajaran kognitif dalam pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani dan kesehatan. Jurnal Pendidikan Olah Raga, 5(2), 154–164. https://doi.org/10.31571/jpo.v5i2.383

Pande, Ni Ketut Suarni, & I Gede Margunayasa. (2024). Relevansi Teori Belajar Konstruktivisme dengan Model Inkuiri Terbimbing terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa. Ideguru, 9(2), 487–493. https://doi.org/10.51169/ideguru.v9i2.875

Piaget, J. (1976). The child's conception of space (F. J. Langdon & J. L. Lunzer, Trans.). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203714607

Puspitasari, W. (2019). Level kemampuan kognitif mahasiswa program studi sistem komputer pada materi hukum newton berdasarkan taksonomi bloom. EDUPROXIMA : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan IPA, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.29100/eduproxima.v1i1.1026

Rahma Nur Aini, Yanuar Hery Murtianto, & Prasetyowati, D. (2019). Profil Kemampuan Spasial Ditinjau dari Gaya Kognitif Reflektif pada Siswa Kelas VIII SMP. Imajiner, 1(5), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.26877/imajiner.v1i5.4455

Ramadanti, Magfirah, Sary, Cici Patda& Suarni. (2022). PSIKOLOGI KOGNITIF (Suatu Kajian Proses Mental dan Pikiran Manusia). Al-Din : Jurnal Dakwah Dan Sosial Keagamaan, 8(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.30863/ajdsk.v8i1.3205

Randy Tirto Buana, & Alfyananda Kurnia Putra. (2023). Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Spasial: Implementasi Model Problem Based Learning melalui Pendekatan Self Efficacy Berbantuan WebGIS Inarisk. Journal of Education Action Research, 7(3), 310–319. https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v7i3.63881

Rustaman, N. Y. (2018). Integrasi aspek afektif-kognitif melalui pembelajaran bioresources berorientasi local wisdom dan berpikir sistem untuk membekali perilaku konservasi melalui klasifikasi-generalisasi. Prosiding Biotik, 3(1).

Sari, A. R., Okra, R., Musril, H. A., & Derta, S. (2023). Perancangan media pembelajaran biologi berbasis augmented reality (AR) menggunakan Assemblr Edu di SMA Negeri 1 Bukittinggi. JATI, 7(2), 1387–1394.https://doi.org/10.36040/jati.v7i2.7247

Siiman, L. A., Pedaste, M., Mäeots, M., Siiman, E., Hokkanen, T., Rannikmäe, M., ... & Dean, G. (2014). Design principles for a virtual learning environment for multiple representation skills: A synthesis from a case study. Proceedings of the European Conference on e-Learning, ECEL, 481-488.

Sternberg, R. J. (2012). Cognitive psychology (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350

Sundawan, Muhammad Dadan. (2016). Perbedaan model pembelajaran konstruktivisme dan model pembelajaran langsung. 16(1).

Supardan, H. Dadang. (2016). Teori dan praktik pendekatan konstruktivisme dalam pembelajaran. Edunomic Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi, 4(1), 271653.

Suprianto, A. H. (2019). Konstruktivisme dan Pembelajaran IPA. Jurnal Pendidikan Modern, 4(2), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.37471/jpm.v4i2.20

Tamrin, T., & Munawaroh, F. (2019). Teknik dan Instrumen Assessmen Ranah Kognitif Peserta Didik dalam Pembelajaran PAI. AL-LIQO: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 4(1), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.46963/alliqo.v4i1.20

Traulsen, A., & Hauert, C. (2023). Stochastic evolutionary game dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 378(1872), 20210508. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0508

Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 352-402. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028446

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9vz4

Wijayanto, B., Sutriani, W., & Luthfi, F. (2020). Kemampuan berfikir spasial dalam pembelajaran abad 21. Jurnal Samudra Geografi, 3(2), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.33059/jsg.v3i2.2495

Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (2018). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Educational Psychology Review, 30(2), 315-340. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000285

Zhong, W., Rajeswaran, A., Zhang, Y., Yu, B., & Xing, E. P. (2023). Selective inference for group-sparse linear models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 118(541), 528-542. DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2021.1918554




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um052v16i1p1-22

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang,Building O-5 Jl. Cakrawala No.2 Malang 65145 Tel / Fax. (0341) 588077 (direct), (0341) 551312 line 262

E-mail: jpb.journal@um.ac.id

Web: s.id/JPB

 

View My Stats