Current State, Challenges, and Opportunities of the School-Based Sexual and Reproductive Health Education in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review

Genesa Lahope; Reza Fathurrahman

doi:10.17977/um044v9i12024p81-94

Current State, Challenges, and Opportunities of the School-Based Sexual and Reproductive Health Education in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review

Genesa Lahope, Reza Fathurrahman

Abstract

Sexual and reproductive health education for adolescents remains crucial for Indonesia as it is home for more than 44 million teenagers as of 2022, in its way to anticipate demographic bonus in 2030. Government Regulation no. 61 of 2014 concerning Reproductive Health mandates sexual and reproductive health education in formal and informal education settings. By using a systematic literature review (SLR) method, this study assesses the current state of school-based sexual and reproductive health education in Indonesia. Findings reveal that the delivery of sexual and reproductive health education in Indonesian schools is fragmented, spread across various subjects such as Biology, Sports, Religious, Civic and Moral education classes, as well as extracurricular activities. Key stakeholders, including families, teachers, peers, and school principals, play crucial roles in shaping adolescents' understanding of reproductive health. However, challenges such as cultural taboos, easy access to potentially misleading online information, and inadequate teacher training hinder effective education. In addition, Comprehensive Sexual Education (CSE) has been suggested by WHO to be implemented and integrated in the core curriculum, with programs like SETARA pilot project showing promise in improving adolescent knowledge and attitudes towards reproductive health. However, the success of such programs requires cooperation from various stakeholders and a shift in societal norms regarding adolescent sexuality.

Keywords

adolescent; sexual and reproductive health; education; comprehensive sexual education

Full Text:

PDF

References

Amalia, R. B., Wittiarika, I. D., & Jayanti, R. D. (2021). Strategies to improve the adolescent’s reproductive health knowledge in the traditional Islamic Boarding School in Sidoarjo, Indonesia. Journal of Midwifery, 5(2), 14–21.

AP, A. (2021). Pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi remaja sebagai upaya pencegahan kehamilan tidak diinginkan. 17 Desember 2021. https://radarsemarang.jawapos.com/opini/721389100/pendidikan-kesehatan-reproduksi-remaja-sebagai-upaya-pencegahan-kehamilan-tidak-diinginkan

Badan Pusat Statistik. (n.d.). Jumlah penduduk menurut wilayah, kelompok umur, dan jenis kelamin, Indonesia, tahun 2020. https://sensus.bps.go.id/topik/tabular/sp2020/3/1/0

BKKBN RI. (2023). Kegiatan Forum Genre (Generasi Berencana) Gampong Doy. 25 Juni 2023. https://kampungkb.bkkbn.go.id/kampung/3585/intervensi/551581/kegiatan-forum-genre-generasi-berencana-gampong-doy#:~:text=GenRe alias Generasi Berencana adalah,%2C Laki laki 25 Tahun

CNN Indonesia. (2022). Komisi penanggulangan AIDS: 414 mahasiswa bandung positif HIV-AIDS. 25 August 2022. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220825152512-20-839092/komisi-penanggulangan-aids-414-mahasiswa-bandung-positif-hiv-aids

CNN Indonesia. (2023). “Ribuan Anak Hamil di Luar Nikah, BKKBN nilai pengetahuan rendah” selengkapnya di sini. 18 January 2023. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230118133119-20-901969/ribuan-anak-hamil-di-luar-nikah-bkkbn-nilai-pengetahuan-rendah

Diarsvitri, W., & Utomo, I. D. (2022). Medical perspective of reproductive health education in Indonesian schoolbooks. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 943429.

Faidah, M., Rusmanto, H., & Rahmawati, L. (2020). Islamic values-based sex education to prevent loss generation for senior high school students. Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan Dan Ilmu Tarbiyah, 5(1), 131–140.

Ikhwan, H. (2021). KPAI: Kekerasan seksual pada murid indonesia mayoritas terjadi di sekolah agama. 28 Desember 2021. https://www.vice.com/id/article/bvnjwa/data-kpai-2021-kekerasan-seksual-pada-murid-indonesia-mayoritas-terjadi-di-sekolah-berbasis-agama

Jina, R., & Thomas, L. S. (2013). Health consequences of sexual violence against women. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 15–26.

K, N. S. (2022). HIV anak terbanyak di Jabar dan DKI, kasus remaja didominasi narkoba-seks sejenis. 2 September 2022. https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-6268941/hiv-anak-terbanyak-di-jabar-dan-dki-kasus-remaja-didominasi-narkoba-seks-sejenis

Kominfo. (2023). Komitmen pemerintah wujudkan bonus demografi yang berkualitas. 27 Juni 2023. https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/27423/komitmen-pemerintah-wujudkan-bonus-demografi-yang-berkualitas/0/berita#:~:text=Bonus demografi yang dimaksud adalah,dihadapi dengan perencanaan yang matang

Meilani, N., & Setiyawati, N. (2022). The effectiveness of peer educators and guidance counselling teachers to the knowledge of reproductive health. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 16(4), 501–508.

Muthmainnah, Nurmala, I., Siswantara, P., Rachmayanti, R. D., & Devi, Y. P. (2021). Implementation of adolescent health programs at public schools and religion-based schools in Indonesia. Journal of Public Health Research, 10(4), jphr-2021.

Oktariani, W., Wuryaningsih, T., & Lestari, S. (2023). Interpretasi Sosial terhadap kekerasan seksual dalam perspektif sekolah berbasis agama. Journal on Education, 6(1), 5318–5327.

Pinandari, A. W., Kågesten, A. E., Li, M., Moreau, C., van Reeuwijk, M., & Wilopo, S. A. (2023). Short-term effects of a school-based comprehensive sexuality education intervention among very young adolescents in three urban Indonesian settings: A quasi-experimental study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 73(1), S21–S32.

PKBI DIY. (2009). Pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi. Retrieved from PKBI DIY. 7 April 2009. https://pkbi-diy.info/pendidikan-kesehatan-reproduksi/

PKBI Jawa Tengah. (2018). Kenali 12 hak reproduksi dan seksual. Retrieved from PKBI Daerah Jawa Tengah. 6 April 2018. https://pkbijateng.or.id/kenali-12-hak-reproduksi-dan-seksual/

Sambunjak, D., Cumpston, M., & Watts, C. (2017). Cochrane interactive learning module 1: Introduction to conducting systematic reviews. https://training.cochrane.org/interactivelearning/module-1-introduction-conducting-systematic-reviews

Shibuya, F., Sari, D. P., Warnaini, C., Rivarti, A. W., Takeuchi, R., Jones-Konneh, T. E. C., de Los Reyes, C., Kadriyan, H., & Kobayashi, J. (2023). The process of overcoming conflicts among teachers in the implementation of comprehensive sexuality education at ordinary public senior high schools in Mataram City, Indonesia: a qualitative study. Tropical Medicine and Health, 51(1), 7.

Susanti, D., & Doni, A. W. (2021). Implementation of sexual education programs for adolescents in Indonesia: Narrative review. SANITAS: Jurnal Teknologi Dan Seni Kesehatan, 12(1), 36–52.

Undang-undang (UU) Nomor 36 Tahun 2009. (2009). Undang-undang (UU) Nomor 36 Tahun 2009.

UNESCO. (2023). Indonesia, comprehensive sexual education. 17 February 2023. https://education-profiles.org/eastern-and-south-eastern-asia/indonesia/~comprehensive-sexuality-education

UNFPA. (2014). Kesehatan seksual dan reproduksi remaja. Retrieved September 2023, from UNFPA. November 2014. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/adolescent-sexual-and-reproductive-health

Universitas Islam Indonesia. (2023). Jangan sepelekan masalah kesehatan seksual dan reproduksi. 1 Juni 2023. https://www.uii.ac.id/jangan-sepelekan-masalah-kesehatan-seksual-dan-reproduksi/#:~:text=Menurutnya%2C usia remaja sangat rentan,unsafe abortion%2C dan kekerasan seksual

Van Reeuwijk, M., Rahmah, A., & Mmari, K. (2023). Creating an enabling environment for a comprehensive sexuality education intervention in indonesia: Findings from an implementation research study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 73(1), S15–S20.

Wardiati, W., Septiani, R., Agustina, A., Ariscasari, P., Arlianti, N., & Mairani, T. (2023). Reproductive health literacy of adolescents at public islamic school: a cross-sectional study in Indonesia. Al-Sihah: The Public Health Science Journal, 12–22.

World Bank. (n.d.). Populasi, total - Indonesia. Retrieved September 1, 2023, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2022&locations=ID&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1960&view=chart

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Adolescent health in the South-East Asia Region. https://www.who.int/southeastasia/health-topics/adolescent-health#:~:text=WHO defines “Adolescents” as individuals,15-24 year age group

Yayasan Kesehatan Perempuan. (n.d.). Sunat perempuan: Tradisi yang diskriminatif terhadap perempuan dan anak perempuan. https://ykp.or.id/sunat-perempuan-tradisi-yang-diskriminatif-terhadap-perempuan-dan-anak-perempuan/

Yudho, N. K. (2023). Mengoptimalkan bonus demografi: kesehatan masyarakat sebagai kunci keberhasilan. 11 Agustus 2023. https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/mengoptimalkan-bonus-demografi-kesehatan-masyarakat-sebagai-kunci-keberhasilan

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um044v9i12024p81-94