Belajar dari Negeri Everest: Sistem Pendidikan Dasar dalam Perubahan Sosial Nepal, 1950-2000

Abstract

Abstract:Pendidikan dasar di Nepal memainkan peran kunci dalam perubahan sosial, menghubungkan upaya modernisasi dengan tantangan ketimpangan sosial, geografis, dan budaya. Sebagai landasan pembangunan manusia, pendidikan dasar di Nepal berkembang dari sistem yang eksklusif di era Dinasti Rana—yang membatasi akses hanya bagi elit—menuju sistem inklusif pasca-revolusi 1951. Dengan menggunakan metode studi literatur dan metode kualitatif untuk menganalisis sumber, penelitian ini menelaah transformasi sistem pendidikan dasar dan dampaknya terhadap masyarakat melalui analisis berbagai sumber sekunder, termasuk laporan pendidikan, jurnal internasional. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa reformasi pada 1970-an, melalui New Education System Plan (NESP), berhasil memperluas akses pendidikan dengan sentralisasi kurikulum, meskipun wilayah pedesaan tetap tertinggal. Pada 1990-an, upaya untuk menciptakan pendidikan gratis dan inklusif semakin meningkatkan angka partisipasi, termasuk dari kelompok perempuan dan masyarakat marginal. Namun, tantangan seperti bias budaya yang meminggirkan kelompok minoritas, kurangnya infrastruktur di wilayah terpencil, dan ketergantungan pada donor asing terus membatasi efektivitas sistem pendidikan. Di sisi lain, pendidikan dasar berhasil meningkatkan mobilitas sosial, memberdayakan perempuan, dan memperkuat identitas nasional di tengah keberagaman etnis dan bahasa.
Abstract:Primary education in Nepal plays a key role in social change, linking modernization efforts with the challenges of social, geographic and cultural inequality. As a cornerstone of human development, primary education in Nepal evolved from an exclusive system under the Rana Dynasty-which restricted access to the elite-to an inclusive system after the 1951 revolution. Using the literature study method and qualitative methods to analyze sources, this research examines the transformation of the primary education system and its impact on society through the analysis of various secondary sources, including educational reports, international journals. The results show that reforms in the 1970s, through the New Education System Plan (NESP), succeeded in expanding access to education by centralizing the curriculum, although rural areas remained behind. In the 1990s, efforts to create free and inclusive education further increased enrollment, including from women and marginalized communities. However, challenges such as cultural biases that marginalize minority groups, lack of infrastructure in remote areas, and dependence on foreign donors continue to limit the effectiveness of the education system. On the other hand, basic education has improved social mobility, empowered women and strengthened national identity amid ethnic and linguistic diversity.